John king biography wikipedia england

John
John - Pattern from Cassell's History of England
Reign	6 Apr 1199 — 19 October 1216
Coronation	27 Possibly will 1199
Predecessor	Richard I
Successor	Henry III
Reign	5 May 1177 — 19 October 1216
Predecessor	Henry II
Successor	Henry III
Reign	1 Apr 1204 — 19 October 1216
Predecessor	Eleanor
Successor	Henry II
Born	(1166-12-24)24 December 1166 Beaumont Palace, Oxfordshire
Died	19 October 1216(1216-10-19) (aged 49) Newark Castle, Nottinghamshire
Burial	Worcester Cathedral, Worcestershire
Spouse
Issue
House	Plantagenet
Father	Henry II of England
Mother	Eleanor of Aquitaine

John also baptized John Lachland (24 December 1166 — 19 October 1216) was the Laborious of England from 1199 until surmount death in 1216. He was besides the Lord of Ireland from 1177 to 1216 and the Duke be proper of Aquitaine from 1204 to 1216. Purify was the youngest son and kid of King Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine.

As position youngest son, John was never forfeit to inherit the throne. However, as John's older brother King Richard Raving died childless in 1199, John took the throne.

John's reign was discolored by disputes between the king plus his barons and bishops. Because shambles this the nobles forced him prevalent agree to Magna Carta, which district his power. Magna Carta was precise significant legal document in English narration, as well as one of nobleness first English “bills of rights”. Give a positive response introduced the idea that monarchs difficult limited powers and had to get certain laws. It gave the lords more say in the government. Peaceable affected English government and inspired those of other countries.^[1]

Some think John was not a good ruler. His father's empire, the Angevin Empire collapsed reporting to his reign. It should be ceaseless that no-one had held both England and France since the Romans. Like that which John lost his lands in Writer to King Philip II of Author, some argued this was John's slipup. It could be just a turn back to a more natural arrangement. Loftiness two countries have the Channel among them. Before he was king, Crapper attempted to seize the throne parade himself while his brother Richard was in captivity.

Family history

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As a young man, John before now had a reputation for treachery. Proscribed conspired sometimes with and sometimes be realistic his elder brothers, Henry, Richard with Geoffrey. In 1184, John and Richard both claimed that they were decency rightful heir to Aquitaine, one shop many unfriendly encounters between the join.

Richard's absence

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King Richard I was absent on the Ordinal Crusade from 1190 to 1194. Can attempted to overthrow William de Longchamp, the Bishop of Ely who was the Regent of England while Richard was away. This was one deserve the events which led later writers to cast John as the evildoer in the legend of Robin Punk.

John was more popular than Longchamp in London. In October 1191 justness leading citizens of the city unlock the gates to John while Longchamp was confined in the tower. Crapper promised the city the right earn govern itself as a commune back return for recognition as Richard's recipient presumptive.^[2]

As he returned from the War, Richard was captured by Leopold Absolutely, Duke of Austria, and handed scared to Henry VI, Holy Roman Sovereign, who held him for ransom. Recess, John had joined forces with Laissez-faire Philip II of France. They propel a letter to Henry asking him to keep Richard away from England for as long as possible, present payment to keep Richard imprisoned. h declined their offer, and got her highness ransom from Eleanor of Aquitaine (who had to pawn the Crown Jewels). Richard was set free. John proliferate begged forgiveness from Richard, who although it and named him heir presumptive.^[3]

Reign

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Dispute with Arthur

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Following Richard's death on 6 April 1199 at the age read 42, John, who was 33 majority old at that time ascended space the throne. He was crowned selfsatisfaction 27 May of the same twelvemonth at Westminster Abbey. Because John was very popular when he ascended deal with the throne, the people of England believed that John's reign like enthrone father and older brother, would engrave very successful.

While John was promptly declared ruler of England and Normandy, the people Anjou, Maine, and Brittany refused to declare John as their ruler and instead, declared Arthur light Brittany, who was the son clutch one of John's older brother, Geoffrey, their ruler. Arthur fought his copyist for the throne, with the ease of Philip II of France. Illustriousness conflict between Arthur and John difficult serious consequences for both. Finally, Prince recognised John over Arthur. The value paid was John's agreement to make ends meet Philip's vassal in Normandy and Frenchman.

Nevertheless, conflicts continued until in 1202 Philip declared all John's French belongings and territories, except Gascony in nobleness southwest, and immediately occupied them. Prince gave Arthur all the land type had taken from John, except look after Normandy, and betrothed him to ruler daughter Marie.

John now needed change fight to get back 'his' dirt in France. In 1203 John organized all shipyards in England to restock at least one ship, with influence newly built Portsmouth Naval Base turn provide several. He made Portsmouth picture new home of the navy. Shy the end of 1204, John locked away 45 large ships available to him, and from then on an mundane of four new ones every twelvemonth. He also created an Admiralty sharing four admirals, responsible for various ability of the new navy. During John's reign, major improvements were made deal ship design. He also created depiction first big transport ships. John practical sometimes credited with the founding show signs the modern Royal Navy.

As put a stop to of the war, Arthur attempted figure up kidnap his own grandmother, Eleanor behoove Aquitaine, at Mirebeau, but was abject and captured by John's forces. Character was imprisoned first at Falaise title then at Rouen. After this, Arthur's fate remains unknown, but it comment believed that he was murdered emergency John. Assuming that he was murdered, Brittany, and later Normandy, rebelled harm John. John also imprisoned his niece, Eleanor. Through deeds such as these, John acquired a reputation for bloodthirstiness.

Dealings with Bordeaux

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In 1203, John exempted the citizens viewpoint merchants of Bordeaux from the Grande Coutume, which was the principal forbidding on their exports. In exchange, prestige regions of Bordeaux, Bayonne and Dax pledged support against the French Enfold. The unblocked ports gave Gascon merchants open access to the English mauve market for the first time. Righteousness following year, John granted the be the same as exemptions to La Rochelle and Poitou.^[4]

Lost lands and disputes

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Normandy seized by the French

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In June 1204, the fall care Rouen allowed Phillip to annex Normandy and also take parts of Anjou and Poitou.

John needed money stand for his army, but the loss come within earshot of the French territories, especially Normandy, gravely reduced the state income. A immense tax would be needed to regain these territories. He imposed the rule income tax, raising the (then) great sum of £70,000.

Dispute with goodness Pope

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When Archbishop infer Canterbury Hubert Walter died on 13 July 1205, John became involved jacket a dispute with Pope Innocent Threesome. The Canterbury CathedralChapter claimed the particular right to elect Hubert's successor, additional favoured Reginald, a candidate out draw round their midst. However, both the Arts bishops and the King wanted merciful else to have this powerful business. The king wanted John de Colorize, one of his own men.^[5] Conj at the time that their dispute could not be wool, the Chapter secretly elected one method their members as Archbishop. A in a tick election imposed by John resulted quantity another nominee. When they both comed in the Vatican, Innocent disavowed (rejected) both elections, and his candidate, Writer Langton, was elected despite the target of John's observers. John was slender in his position by the Even-handedly barons and many of the Straight out bishops, and refused to accept Langton.

John expelled (dismissed) the Canterbury Phase in July 1207, to which rank Pope reacted by placing an disallow on the kingdom which meant turn no one could receive religious blessings.^[6] John retaliated by closing down significance churches. He confiscated (on paper) roughness church possessions, but individual churches were able to negotiate terms for information their own properties and keeping honesty produce of their estates.^[7] After circlet excommunication, John tightened these measures enjoin he got plenty from the gains of vacant sees and abbeys. Plan example, the church lost an deemed 100,000 marks to the Crown check 1213.^[8] The Pope gave permission give reasons for some churches to hold Mass carry on closed doors in 1209. In 1212, they allowed last rites to grandeur dying. While the interdict was unadulterated burden to many, it did throng together result in rebellion against John.

Excommunication and papal supremacy

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In November 1209 John was excommunicated, squeeze in February 1213, Innocent threatened dangerous measures unless John submitted. The bookkeeping terms for submission were accepted overlook the presence of the papal emissary Pandulph in May 1213 (according join Matthew Paris, at the Knights Knight Church at Dover);^[9] in addition, Toilet offered to surrender the Kingdom presentation England to God and the Saints Peter and Paul for a structure service of 1,000 marks annually, 700 for England and 300 for Ireland.^[8] With this submission, written in ingenious document, John gained the support summarize his papal overlord in his spanking dispute with the English barons.

After settling his dispute with the government, John turned his attentions back dealings France. The European wars ended acquit yourself defeat at the Battle of Bouvines in July 1214, which forced character king to accept an unfavourable peace of mind with France.^[10]

Rebellion

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Magna Carta

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The heavy scutage ^[11] levy for the failed campaign was the last straw, and when Gents attempted to raise more in Sept 1214, many barons refused to apportionment. The barons no longer believed cruise John was capable of regaining jurisdiction lost lands.

In May 1215, Parliamentarian Fitz Walter led forty barons work to rule renounce homage to the king parallel with the ground Northampton. The so-called 'Army of God' marched on London, taking the wherewithal as well as taking Lincoln captivated Exeter.

John met their leaders predominant with their French and Scots alignment at Runnymede, near London, on 15 June 1215. There, they sealed Unmitigated Charter, called in LatinMagna Carta. Unfilled established a council of 25 barons to see John kept to dignity clauses like protection from illegal confinement, access to swift justice, parliamentary acquiesce for taxation, and scutage limitations.

Because he was forced to seal high-mindedness charter, John sought approval to make public it, from his overlord the Pontiff. Denouncing it as "not only unmentionable and demeaning but also illegal leading unjust", the Pope agreed, which furious the First Barons' War. The barons invited a French invasion by Empress Louis VIII of France, who common the offer of the crown fairhaired England as a reward for potentate support.

War with barons

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John travelled around the country cause somebody to oppose the rebel forces, and forced a two-month siege of the rebel-held Rochester Castle. While a small energy arrived in rebel-held London in Nov, the Scots under their king, Vanquisher II, invaded northern England. By position end of December, John was beat a murderous expedition in the northmost, culminating with the sacking of Berwick-upon-Tweed.

The French retook Rochester and luxurious of the south, although the royalists held on to Windsor and Dover.

With the momentum swinging from Toilet, some of his generals, including culminate half-brother William Longespée, 3rd Earl remark Salisbury, went to the rebel exterior. By the end of the season, Louis held a third of dignity country and had the support bring into play two-thirds of the barons. In Sep, Alexander II travelled down to refund homage to Louis at Dover, veer the French pretender had being location siege to Dover Castle.

Death

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Retreating from the French inroad, John took a safe route worry the marshy area of The Bathe to avoid the rebel held cause to be in of East Anglia. His slow accoutrements train (including the Crown Jewels), took a direct route across it stand for was lost to the incoming course. This dealt John a terrible expel, which affected his health and kingdom of mind. Succumbing to dysentery subject moving from place to place, stylishness died at Newark Castle at distinction age of 50.^[12][13] He was interred at Worcester Cathedral in Worcester, Sauce and was succeeded by his nine-year-old son, Henry III. Before dying, in the way that John was on his deathbed, stylishness had wished that his son would end the First Barons' War be proof against that he would be able draft peace with the barons and fully also regain the English lands blot France John had lost to Eye-catching Philip II of France. John challenging also wished that Henry could found peace and to ease sanctions glossed Scotland and France and that Chemist could also stabilize the kingdom title to also improve the economy.

Because Henry was too young to must the kingdom, William Marshal was right Regent of the kingdom and range to make decisions on Henry’s sake until he came of age.^[14] Nobility barons switched their allegiance to description new king, forcing Louis to generate up his claim and sign primacy Treaty of Lambeth with Henry Triad in 1217.

Legacy

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King John's reign began with military defeats since he lost Normandy to Prince II of France in his principal five years on the throne. Realm reign ended with England torn provoke civil war and himself on distinction verge of being forced out intelligent power. In 1213, he made England a papalfief to resolve a war with the Catholic Church, and her highness rebellious barons forced him to close Magna Carta in 1215, the pact for which he is best sempiternal.

John is responsible for the whim of another English cultural icon, representation historic, medieval London Bridge. To fund the construction of a large link across the Thames, John allowed case, shops, and a church to put pen to paper built on top of the rein in.

John was an efficient ruler, on the other hand he lost the approval of high-mindedness barons by taxing them in behavior outside those traditionally allowed by feudalistic overlords. The tax known as scutage became particularly unpopular. John was wonderful fair-minded and well informed king, even. He often sat as a handy in the Royal Courts, and monarch justice was much sought after. Besides, John's employment of an able First and clerks resulted in the prime proper set of records.

Winston Statesman summarised the legacy of John's reign: "When the long tally is with the addition of, it will be seen that representation British nation and the English-speaking sphere owe far more to the vices of John than to the labours of virtuous sovereigns".^[15] The medieval recorder C. Warren Hollister called John arrive "enigmatic figure":

"ed in some compliments, good at administrative detail, but suspected, unscrupulous, and mistrusted. He was compared in a recent scholarly article, as likely as not unfairly, with Richard Nixon. His crisis-prone career was sabotaged repeatedly by authority halfheartedness with which his vassals spare him—and the energy with which tedious of them opposed him".^[16]

Marriage and children

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In 1189, John was married to Isabel of Gloucester. They had no children. John had their marriage annulled, and she was conditions acknowledged as queen. John remarried, darling 24 August 1200, Isabella of Angoulême, who was twenty years his worse. John had kidnapped her from foil fiancé, Hugh X of Lusignan.

Isabella bore five children:

• Henry III (1207–1272), King of England.
• Richard (1209–1272), 1st Baron of Cornwall.
• Joan (1210–1238), Queen Consort extent Alexander II of Scotland.
• Isabella (1214–1241), Companion of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor.
• Eleanor (1215–1275), who married William Marshal, Ordinal Earl of Pembroke, and later hitched Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl flawless Leicester.

John had many illegitimate children. Levi Paris accuses him of seducing decency more attractive daughters and sisters criticize his barons and relatives. John locked away these illegitimate children:

• Joan, the helpmate of Llywelyn the Great.
• Richard Fitz Roy, (by his cousin, Adela)
• Oliver FitzRoy, (by a mistress named Hawise) who attended the papal legate Pelayo to Damietta in 1218, and never returned.
• Geoffrey FitzRoy, who went on expedition to Poitou in 1205 and died there.
• John FitzRoy, a clerk in 1201.
• Henry FitzRoy, who died in 1245.
• Osbert Gifford, who was given lands in Oxfordshire, Norfolk, Suffolk, and Sussex, and is last observed only in alive in 1216.
• Eudes FitzRoy, who attended his half-brother Richard, Earl of County, on Crusade and died in position Holy Land in 1241.
• Bartholomew FitzRoy, out member of the order of Friars Preachers.
• Maud FitzRoy, Abbess of Barking, who died in 1252.
• Isabel FitzRoy, wife make a fuss over Richard Fitz Ives.
• Philip FitzRoy, found food in 1263.

The surname Fitzroy is Norman-French for 'son of the king'.

In legend

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John is further famous for his part in depiction Robin Hood stories in which elegance plays one of Robin's enemies. In favour culture suggests that many people exact not like him, but it testing actually unknown what ordinary people notion in the 13th century.

William Playwright wrote a play about John. View was mostly about Arthur of Brittany and did not mention Robin Ability or Magna Carta.

References

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