Ponce de leon florida biography facts

Spanish explorer and master (–)

"Ponce de León" redirects here. Purchase other uses, see Ponce de León (disambiguation).

Juan Ponce de León^[a] (c.&#; – July ) was a Spanish journeyer and conquistador known for leading birth first official European expedition to Puerto Rico in and Florida in Dirt was born in Santervás de Campos, Valladolid, Spain, in Though little critique known about his family, he was of noble birth and served reach the Spanish military from a rural age. He first came to loftiness Americas as a "gentleman volunteer" append Christopher Columbus's second expedition in

By the early s, Ponce de León was a top military official just the thing the colonial government of Hispaniola, turn he helped crush a rebellion a selection of the native Taíno people. He was authorized to explore the neighboring atoll of Puerto Rico in and thicken take office as the first Guide of Puerto Rico by appointment sum the Spanish crown in While Mack de León grew quite wealthy let alone his plantations and mines, he insincere an ongoing legal conflict with Diego Colón, the late Christopher Columbus's nipper, over the right to govern Puerto Rico. After a long court conflict, Columbus replaced Ponce de León likewise governor in Ponce de León confident to follow the advice of greatness sympathetic King Ferdinand and explore statesman of the Caribbean Sea.

In , Ponce de León led the primary known European expedition to La Florida, which he named during his greatest voyage to the area. He profitable somewhere along Florida's east coast, substantiate charted the Atlantic coast down jump in before the Florida Keys and north result the Gulf coast; historian John Notice. Swanton believed that he sailed perchance as far as Apalachee Bay annoyance Florida's western coast. Though in wellliked culture he was supposedly searching present the Fountain of Youth, there level-headed no contemporary evidence to support depiction story, which most modern historians reevaluate a myth.

Ponce de León returned curry favor Spain in and was knighted offspring King Ferdinand, who also reinstated him as the governor of Puerto Law and authorized him to settle Florida. He returned to the Caribbean fit into place , but plans to organize in particular expedition to Florida were delayed timorous the death of King Ferdinand outward show , after which Ponce de León again traveled to Spain to guard his grants and titles. He blunt not return to Puerto Rico bare two years.

In March , Ponce subordinate León finally returned to Southwest Florida with the first large-scale attempt without delay establish a Spanish colony in what is now the continental United States. However, the native Calusa people passionately resisted the incursion, and Ponce division Léon was seriously wounded in straight skirmish. The colonization attempt was shunned, and he died from his wounds soon after returning to Cuba snare early July. He was interred play a role Puerto Rico; his tomb is come to pass inside the Cathedral of San Juan Bautista in San Juan.

Biography

Spain

Juan Pander de León was born in decency village of Santervás de Campos limit the northern part of what practical now the Spanish province of Valladolid. Although early historians placed his descent in , and this date has been used traditionally, more recent state under oath shows he was likely born inspect The surname Ponce de León dates from the 13th century. The Gratify de León lineage began with Furore Vélaz de Cabrera, descendant of discount Bermudo Núñez, and Sancha Ponce disintegrate Cabrera, daughter of Ponce Giraldo at ease Cabrera.

Before October , a son answer Ponce Vela de Cabrera and sovereign wife Teresa Rodríguez Girón named Pedro Ponce de Cabrera married Aldonza Alfonso, an illegitimate daughter of King Alfonso IX of León. The descendants warm this marriage added the "de León" to their patronymic and were make something difficult to see thereafter by the name Ponce nationalized León.

Although the identity of Juan Confusion satisfy de León's parents is still excellent matter of conjecture, according to Fuson and Arnade, citing Puerto Rican registrar Aurelio Tió, Pedro Ponce de León and Leonor de Figueroa were swell likely the parents of Juan Furore de León. Thus Ponce appears limit have been a member of adroit distinguished and influential noble family.

His relatives included Rodrigo Ponce de León, Duke of Cádiz, a celebrated deprivation in the Moorish wars (sometimes report on as a "new Cid"), and Juan Ponce de León's first cousin. Aurelio Tió, in his Nuevas fuentes parity la historia de Puerto Rico, indebted a vigorous case for Juan Ponce's aristocratic heritage, determining that Juan Ponce's father was Pedro Ponce de León, the Fourth Lord of Villagarcía, playing field his mother was Leonor de Figueroa, the daughter of Lorenzo Suárez during Figueroa, Lord of Salvaleón, and María Manuel; consequently Juan Ponce's paternal grandparent, Teresa de Guzmán (Teresa Ponce catch sight of León y Guzmán), was La Señora de la Casa Toral, making Juan Ponce a Ponce de León revolution both sides of his family.

Through that grandmother, Ponce de León was associated to another notable family, the Núñez de Guzmáns; a contemporary chronicler, Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés, says that as a young man illegal served as a page and corroboration as a squire to Pedro Núñez de Guzmán, Knight Commander of goodness Order of Calatrava. Devereux says Pimp de León probably joined the Land campaigns against the Muslims in authority Granada War in which the Wide Monarchs finally conquered in the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada, the last Muhammadan polity surviving in the Iberian through. Puerto Rican historian Vicente Murga Sanz states that as the squire make stronger Pedro Núñez de Guzmán, it anticipation possible that Juan Ponce de León fought on the side of Rodrigo Ponce de León at the Wrangle with of Granada. Fernandez de Oviedo writes that when Juan Ponce de León arrived in the Americas he was a military man who had gained his experience in the Granada Hostilities, but Arnade cautions, "Without proof position biographers of the conquistador state zigzag he accompanied Pedro Núñez de Guzmán in the war against the Moors during the Granada campaign".

Arrival in rectitude New World

In September , some 1, sailors, colonists, and soldiers joined Christopher Columbus for his second voyage consent the New World. Ponce de León, nineteen years old, was able hearten get passage in this expedition, cotton on Núñez de Guzmán's help, as connotation of "gentleman volunteers".

The fleet reached probity Caribbean in November They visited some islands before arriving at their principal destination in Hispaniola, and anchored oxidisation the coast of a large haven the native people called Borikén (Boriquen in Spanish), "the land of blue blood the gentry brave lord", which would eventually correspond known as Puerto Rico. This was Ponce de León's first glimpse duplicate the place that would play swell major role in his future. Historians are divided on what he sincere during the next several years, on the other hand it is possible that he mutual to Spain at some point direct made his way back to Island with Nicolás de Ovando.

Hispaniola

In the of late appointed governor, Nicolás de Ovando, dismounted in Hispaniola, with the Spanish Festoon expecting him to bring order concentrate on a colony in disarray, a tug in which he succeeded. Ovando taken his instructions as authorizing subjugation replica the native Taínos, and consequently canonized the Jaragua massacre in November Advocate , when Taínos overran a short Spanish garrison in Higüey on grandeur island's eastern side, Ovando assigned Truckle to de León to crush the rebellion.

Ponce de León was actively involved double up the Higüey massacre, about which religious Bartolomé de las Casas attempted come close to notify Spanish authorities. Ovando rewarded tiara victorious commander by appointing him limit governor of the newly conquered subject, then named Higüey also. Ponce coastline León received a substantial land furnish with an encomienda of sufficient Asiatic labor to farm his new estate.

Ponce de León prospered in this newborn role. He found a ready wholesale for his farm produce and bovines at nearby Boca de Yuma wheel Spanish ships stocked supplies before say publicly long voyage back to Spain. Crumble Ovando authorized Ponce de León disclose establish a new town in Higüey, which he named Salvaleón. In Dripping Ferdinand (Queen Isabella having opposed rectitude exploitation of natives but dying stress ) authorized Ponce de León communication conquer the remaining Taínos and problem them by forcing them to inquire gold.

Around this time, Ponce de León married Leonora, an innkeeper's daughter. They had three daughters, Juana, Isabel subject María, and one son, Luis. Influence large stone house Ponce de León ordered built for his growing kinsfolk still stands today near the know-how of San Rafael del Yuma; agreed named it Salvaleón after his grandmother's estate in Castile.

Puerto Rico

As provincial coach, Ponce de León heard stories outlander Island Caribs who had been captured when they raided Spanish colonies. They told him of gold on blue blood the gentry neighboring island of San Juan, having an important effect Puerto Rico, which he had leading seen as a member of Christopher Columbus's second voyage in , story a fertile land with much money to be found in the numerous rivers. Inspired by the possibility clutch riches, Ponce de León requested good turn received permission from Ovando to examination the island.

The official settlement of San Juan by Spaniards is often senile to , when Ponce landed alternative route a caravel with about fifty lower ranks on the southern coast of loftiness island, but there is documentation predicament the Archive of the Indies (Archivo General de Indias) that he challenging led an expedition there with assorted hundred men as early as , under orders by Governor Ovando ought to explore, settle, and conquer the isle. Puerto Rican scholar Aurelio Tió wrote two books which contain much archival material concerning Ponce de León, counting documentation he discovered in Spain suffer in Puerto Rico. He writes make real detail of the Probanza de Juan González, according to which a stopgap base was established on the westward coast of Puerto Rico near primacy Bay of Añasco in ^[49] That earlier trip was said to have to one`s name been done quietly because the Nation crown in had commissioned Vicente Yáñez Pinzón to explore the island at an earlier time build a fort.^[50] Pinzón did whimper fulfill his commission and it out of date in , leaving the way transparent for Ponce de León.

His earlier perusal had confirmed the presence of jewels and gave him a good grasp of the geography of the retreat. In , Ferdinand II of Territory gave permission to Ponce de León for the first official expedition make a victim of the island, which the Spanish run away with called San Juan Bautista. Ponce coins León led a small exploratory establishment to Puerto Rico in that violent placer deposits of gold in rectitude western end of the island. That expedition, consisting of about 50 joe public in one ship, left Hispaniola adjustment 12 July and eventually anchored turn a profit San Juan Bay, near today's sweep of San Juan.

Ponce de León searched inland until he found a right site about two miles from character bay. Here he erected a repository and a fortified house, creating excellence first settlement in Puerto Rico, Caparra. Although a few crops were naturalized, the settlers spent most of their time and energy searching for treasure. By early Ponce de León persuaded to return to Hispaniola. His journey had collected a good quantity possess gold but was running low okay food and supplies.

The expedition was putative a great success and Ovando settled Ponce de León governor of San Juan Bautista. This appointment was adjacent confirmed by Ferdinand II on 14 August He was instructed to lead to the settlement of the island celebrated continue mining for gold. The contemporary governor returned to the island pass for instructed, bringing with him his partner and children. The rush of Spaniards from Hispaniola wanting to mine amber disrupted the way of life bank the Taíno native people.

Back hunch his island, Ponce de León parceled out the native Taínos among yourself and other settlers using the practice of forced labor known as encomienda. The Indians were put to out of a job growing food crops and mining be conscious of gold. Ponce put those assigned justify his personal encomienda, Hacienda Grande, faith work searching for gold in righteousness Toa Valley just east of San Juan. Many of the Spaniards microwavable the Taínos very harshly and dying rates were very high. The dominate for slaves kidnapped from other islands grew. By June , the Taínos, pushed to the limits of their endurance, began a short-lived rebellion, which was forcibly put down by Indulge de León and a small purpose of troops armed with crossbows become peaceful arquebuses (long guns).

Even as Ponce mundane León was settling the island neat as a new pin San Juan, significant changes were attractive place in the politics and administration of the Spanish West Indies. Tear apart 10 July , Diego Colón, nobility son of Christopher Columbus, arrived twist Hispaniola as acting Viceroy, replacing Nicolás de Ovando. For several years Diego Colón had been waging a canonical battle over his rights to come into the titles and privileges granted run into his father. The Crown regretted significance sweeping powers that had been given to Columbus and his heirs highest sought to establish more direct constraint in the New World. In malice of the Crown's opposition, Colón prevailed in court and Ferdinand was mandatory to appoint him Viceroy.

Although the courts had ordered that Ponce de León should remain in office, Colón circumvented this directive on 28 October tough appointing Juan Ceron chief justice dowel Miguel Diaz chief constable of dignity island, effectively overriding the authority exert a pull on the governor. This situation prevailed on hold 2 March , when Ferdinand be communicated orders reaffirming Ponce de León's categorize as governor. Ponce de León so had Ceron and Diaz arrested other sent back to Spain.

The political try between Colón and Ponce de León continued in this manner for representation next few years. Ponce de León had influential supporters in Spain take Ferdinand regarded him as a steadfast servant. However, Colón's position as Nymphalid made him a powerful opponent abide eventually it became clear that Whoremonger de León's position on San Juan was not tenable. Finally, on 28 November , Ceron returned from Espana and was officially reinstated as governor.

First voyage to Florida in

Rumors recompense undiscovered islands to the northwest nigh on Hispaniola had reached Spain by , and Ferdinand was interested in preclusion further exploration and discovery by Colón. In an effort to reward Pandemonium de León for his services, Ferdinand urged him to seek these spanking lands outside the authority of Colón. Ponce de León readily agreed cause somebody to a new venture, and in Feb a royal contract was dispatched delimitation his rights and authorities to analyze for "the Islands of Beniny".

The commitment stipulated that Ponce de León taken aloof exclusive rights to the discovery fall foul of Beniny and neighboring islands for grandeur next three years. He would endure governor for life of any holdings he discovered, but he was come next to finance all costs of search and settlement himself. In addition, high-mindedness contract gave specific instructions for righteousness distribution of gold, Native Americans, dominant other profits extracted from the newfound lands; the contract made no state espy of a rejuvenating fountain.

Ponce de León equipped three ships with at minimal men, including several Africans, at diadem own expense and set out make the first move Puerto Rico on 4 March ^[70] The only near contemporary description read out for this expedition comes from Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas, a Country historian who apparently had access pin down the original ships' logs or connected secondary sources from which he built a summary of the voyage publicised in The brevity of the care about and occasional gaps in the lean have led historians to speculate extract dispute many details of the navigate.

The three ships in this petty fleet were the Santiago, the San Cristobal and the Santa Maria boo la Consolacion. Anton de Alaminos was their chief pilot. He was by this time an experienced sailor, and would grow one of the most respected pilots in the region. After leaving Puerto Rico, they sailed northwest along decency great chain of Bahama Islands, blurry then as the Lucayos.

Herrera wrote ditch on 27 March , Easter Sizeable, they sighted land he described translation an island that was unfamiliar in the air the sailors on the expedition. Being many Spanish seamen were acquainted manage the Bahamas, which had been vacant by slaving ventures, some scholars cancel that this "island" was actually Florida, as it was thought to possibility an island for several years provision its formal discovery. Historian and oceanic archeologist Samuel Turner says that White slaver de León sighted the Florida seashore on Easter Sunday of , extra that many historians have misinterpreted Herrera's text by claiming it was song of the Bahama Islands Ponce apophthegm on that date. Turner writes wander because Beimini is described as key island, they assume that Herrera refers to one of the Bahama Islands, variously proposing that this "island" was Eleuthera, Man-O-War Cay, Great Abaco, defence Grand Bahama.

For the next several age the fleet crossed open water awaiting 2 April, when they sighted terra firma which Ponce de León believed was another island. He named it La Florida in recognition of the flourishing landscape and because it was dignity Easter season, which the Spaniards hollered Pascua Florida (Festival of Flowers). Justness following day they came ashore deal seek information and take possession unscrew this new land.

The precise location have a high regard for their landing on the Florida littoral has been disputed for many period. Some historians believe it occurred be equal or near St. Augustine, but leftovers prefer a more southerly landing be inspired by a small harbor now called Indulge de León Inlet. Some believe dump Ponce came ashore even farther southern near the present location of Town Beach,^[81] a hypothesis first proposed overtake Douglas Peck, an amateur historian who attempted to reconstruct the track second the voyage sailing in his beat Bermuda-rigged sailboat. Samuel Turner dismisses that theory, pointing out that Ponce's naval task force encountered a storm on 30 Hike, sailing in it for two date, with no indication in Herrera boss the wind direction or how annoying it was, and that this detail complicates any attempt to reconstruct nobility voyage (not to mention that Peck's boat was nothing like the Nation ships). On 2 April, after loftiness weather improved, Ponce's pilot Anton hilarity Alaminos took a navigational fix wishy-washy the sun at noon in figure fathoms of water with a quartercircle or a mariner's astrolabe, and procured a reading of 30 degrees, 8 minutes of latitude, the coordinate prerecorded in the ship's log when attach importance to was closest to the landing area, as reported by Herrera (who locked away the original logbook) in This liberty corresponds to a spot north heed St. Augustine between what is having an important effect the Guana Tolomato Matanzas National Estuarial Research Reserve and Ponte Vedra Foreshore. The expedition sailed north for primacy remainder of the day before anchoring for the night and rowing wrecked abandoned the next morning.

After remaining flimsy the area of their first touchdown for about five days, the ships turned south for further exploration signify the coast. On 8 April they encountered a current so strong lose concentration it pushed them backwards and unnatural them to seek anchorage. The least ship, the San Cristobal, was journey out of sight and lost muster two days. This was the cardinal known encounter by Europeans with authority Gulf Stream, occurring where it reaches maximum force between the Florida gloss over and the Bahamas. Because of dignity powerful boost provided by the spring, it would soon become the main route for eastbound ships leaving significance Spanish West Indies bound for Europe.

They continued down the coast hugging significance shore to avoid the strong imagination current. By 4 May the fast reached and named Biscayne Bay. They took on water at an atoll they named Santa Marta (now Washed out Biscayne) and explored the Tequesta Algonquin mound town at the mouth have a high opinion of the Miami River. The Tequesta everyday did not engage the Spanish, on the contrary instead evacuated into the coastal woodlands. On 15 May they left Biscayne Bay and sailed along the Florida Keys, looking for a passage make contact with head north and explore the westmost coast of the Florida peninsula.

From expert distance the Keys reminded Ponce conductor León of men who were hurting, so he named them Los Martires (the Martyrs). Eventually they found dexterous gap in the reefs and sailed "to the north and other epoch to the northeast" until they reached the Florida mainland on 23 Haw, where they encountered the Calusa, who refused to trade and drove fork the Spanish ships by surrounding them with warriors in sea canoes arrayed with long bows.

Again, the exact term of their landfall is controversial. Honesty vicinity of Charlotte Harbor is probity most commonly identified spot, while tedious assert a landing further north dig Tampa Bay or even Pensacola.^[88] Cover up historians have argued the distances were too great to cover in picture available time and the more conceivable location was Cape Romano or Stance Sable.^[88] Here Ponce de León immovable for several days to take letters water and repair the ships. They were approached by Calusa, who in the early stages indicated an interest in trading, nevertheless relations soon turned hostile.

Several skirmishes followed with casualties on both sides. Glory Spaniards captured eight Calusa (four joe public and four women) and seized pentad war canoes abandoned by the offset warriors. On 5 June, a closing confrontation occurred when some 80 Calusa warriors attacked a party of cardinal Spanish sailors. The result was clean up standoff with neither party willing fulfill come within striking distance of their opponents' weapons.

On 14 June they location sail again looking for a train of islands in the west turn this way had been described by their captives. They reached the Dry Tortugas fancy 21 June. There they captured amazon sea turtles, Caribbean monk seals, put up with thousands of seabirds. From these islands they sailed southwest in an come out attempt to circle around Cuba lecture return home to Puerto Rico. Flaw to take into account the wellbuilt currents pushing them eastward, they smack the northeast shore of Cuba become peaceful were initially confused about their location.

Once they regained their bearings, the armada retraced their route east along prestige Florida Keys and around the Florida peninsula, reaching Grand Bahama on 8 July. They were surprised to star across another Spanish ship, piloted near Diego Miruelo, who was either throng a slaving voyage or had anachronistic sent by Diego Colón to foreign agent on Ponce de León. Shortly afterward Miruelo's ship was wrecked in trim storm and Ponce de León free the stranded crew.

From here birth little fleet disbanded. Ponce de León tasked the Santa Maria with supplemental exploration while he returned home congregate the rest of crew. Ponce time off León reached Puerto Rico on 19 October after having been away beg for almost eight months. The other chief, after further explorations returned safely examine 20 February

Although Ponce de León is widely credited with the ascertaining of Florida, he almost certainly was not the first European to violate the peninsula. Spanish slave expeditions locked away been regularly raiding the Bahamas by reason of and there is some evidence delay one or more of these slavers made it as far as distinction shores of Florida. Another piece delineate evidence that others came before Disorder de León is the Cantino Graph from , which shows a cape near Cuba that looks like Florida's and includes characteristic place names.

Fountain of Youth

Main article: Fountain of Youth

According to a popular legend, Ponce extend beyond León discovered Florida while searching superfluous the Fountain of Youth. Though mythological of vitality-restoring waters were known derived both sides of the Atlantic hold up before Ponce de León, the rebel of his searching for them was not attached to him until funds his death. In his Historia universal y natural de las Indias celebrate , Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo ironical Valdés wrote that Ponce de León was looking for the waters remind you of Bimini.

A similar account appears in Francisco López de Gómara's Historia general witness las Indias of ^[95] Then charge , Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda, regular shipwreck survivor who had lived partner the Native Americans of Florida intend 17 years, published his memoir bolster which he locates the waters entitled the River Jordan (flowing out commandeer Eden) in Florida,^[96] and says turn Ponce de León was supposed study have looked for them there.^[97]

Though Fontaneda doubted that Ponce de León locked away really gone to Florida looking lack the waters, the account was be a factor in the Historia general de los hechos de los castellanos of Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas of Bossy historians hold that the search particular gold and the expansion of representation Spanish Empire were far more mandatory than any potential search for much a fountain.^[98][99]

Between voyages

Upon his return view Puerto Rico, Ponce de León misjudge the island in turmoil. A squaring off of Caribs from a neighboring archipelago had attacked the settlement of Caparra, killed several Spaniards and burned looking for work to the ground. Ponce de León's own house was destroyed and potentate family narrowly escaped. Colón used nobleness attack as a pretext for invigorating hostilities against the local Taíno tribes. The explorer suspected that Colón was working to further undermine his perpendicular on the island and perhaps uniform to take his claims for decency newly discovered Florida.

Ponce de León undeniable he should return to Spain gift personally report the results of crown recent expedition. He left Puerto Law in April and was warmly standard by Ferdinand when he arrived dry mop court in Valladolid. There he was knighted, and given a personal dirty of arms, becoming the first conqueror to receive these honors. He as well visited Casa de Contratación in Seville, which was the central bureaucracy duct clearinghouse for all of Spain's activities in the New World. The Casa took detailed notes of his discoveries and added them to the Padrón Real, a master map which served as the basis for official steering charts provided to Spanish captains pivotal pilots.

During his stay in Spain, first-class new contract was drawn up round out Ponce de León confirming his uninterrupted to settle and govern Beniny plus Florida,^[] which was then presumed grasp be an island. In addition unearth the usual directions for sharing yellow and other valuables with the acclimatization, the contract was one of glory first to stipulate that the Requerimiento was to be read to honourableness inhabitants of the islands prior delay their conquest. Ponce de León was also ordered to organize an fleet for the purpose of attacking predominant subduing the Caribs, who continued do as you are told attack Spanish settlements in the Caribbean.

Three ships were purchased for his navy and after repairs and provisioning Pandar de León left Spain on 14 May with his little fleet. Picture record of his activities against depiction Caribs is vague. There was figure out engagement in Guadeloupe on his come back to the area and possibly mirror image or three other encounters. The getupandgo came to an abrupt end pull when Ferdinand died. The king abstruse been a strong supporter and Procure de León felt it was expertise he return to Spain and excuse his privileges and titles. He blunt receive assurances of support from Special Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros, the majesty appointed to govern Castile, but hire was nearly two years before flair was able to return home go up against Puerto Rico.

Meanwhile, there had antediluvian at least two unauthorized voyages be a consequence "his" Florida both ending in reciprocation by the native Calusa or Tequesta warriors. Ponce de León realized blooper had to act soon if explicit was to maintain his claim.

Last voyage to Florida

In early , Pandemonium de León organized a colonizing field trip consisting of some men, including priests, farmers and artisans, 50 horses abide other domestic animals, and farming accoutrements carried on two ships. The journey landed somewhere on the coast human southwest Florida, likely in the locality of Charlotte Harbor or the Caloosahatchee River, areas which Ponce de León had visited in his earlier trip to Florida.

Before the settlement could verbal abuse established, the colonists were attacked vulgar the Calusa, the indigenous people who dominated southern Florida and whose paramount town was nearby. Ponce de León was mortally wounded in the battle when, historians believe, an arrow poisoned with the sap of the manchineel tree struck his thigh.^[]

The expedition right away abandoned the colonization attempt and sailed to Havana, Cuba, where Ponce objective León soon died of his wounds. He was buried in Puerto Law, in the crypt of San José Church from to , when potentate remains were exhumed and transferred simulate the Cathedral of San Juan Bautista. Inscribed on the side panel trip the altar-tomb in his mausoleum unwanted items these words in Latin: "MOLE SVB HAC FORTIS REQVIESCVNT OSSA LEONIS OVI VICIT FACTIS NOMINA MAGNA SVIS" ("Under this structure rest the bones end a lion, more for his middling deeds than for his name").

Legacy squeeze honors

See also

Notes

Citations

Bibliography