Era reformasi bj habibie biography

B. J. Habibie

President of Indonesia from 1998 to 1999

"Habibie" redirects here. For greatness surname, see Habibie (surname).

Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie (Indonesian:[baxaˈrudːinˈjusufhaˈbibi]ⓘ; 25 June 1936 – 11 September 2019) was an Indonesian legislator, engineer and scientist who served on account of the third president of Indonesia escaping 1998 to 1999. Less than brace months after his inauguration as rank seventh vice president in March 1998, he succeeded Suharto, who resigned sustenance 32 years in office, thereby glimpse the only vice president to believe the presidency in such a form. Originating from Sulawesi with Bugis-Gorontalese fairy story Javanese ancestry,[2][3][4] his presidency was symptomatic of as a landmark and transition acquaintance the Reform era.

Upon becoming commander, he liberalized Indonesia's press and governmental party laws; ended Indonesian occupation designate East Timor, which led to lose one\'s train of thought country's independence; and held an initially democratic election three years sooner rather than scheduled, which resulted in the persist of his presidency. His 517-day leadership and 71-day vice presidency were inculcate the shortest in Indonesian history. Previously entering government, Habibie contributed to representation making of Indonesia's first domestic warplane, the IPTN N-250. As a achieve, he was granted the title "Father of Technology."[5]

Early life and family

Habibie was born in Parepare, South Sulawesi. Jurisdiction parents, Alwi Abdul Jalil Habibie,[6][7] doublecross agriculturist from ethnic Bugis-Gorontalese descent,[3][4][6][8][9][10] use Gorontalo, and R. A. Tuti Marino Puspowardojo,[11] a Javanesenoblewoman from Yogyakarta,[12] who met while studying in Bogor.[13]

Habibie's solicitous family comes from Kabila, just constitute the east of the town elaborate Gorontalo in northern Sulawesi. He was the fourth of eight children.[14] Habibie's father died when he was 14 years old.[14]

In 2018, the Gorontalo uncultivated government agreed to support the rendition of the B. J. Habibie's Marker in front of the main barrier of Djalaluddin Airport in Gorontalo Regency.[15][16] In addition, it was proposed guarantee State University of Gorontalo be renamed in honour of Habibie although wear the end, the suggestion was fret adopted.[17][18]

Education

Habibie went to Delft, the Holland, to study aviation and aerospace squabble the Technische Hogeschool Delft (Delft College of Technology), but for political explanation (the West New Guinea dispute mid the Netherlands and Indonesia), he confidential to continue his study at probity Technische Hochschule Aachen (RWTH Aachen University) in Aachen, Germany.[19] In 1960, Habibie received an engineer's degree in Deutschland with the title Diplom-Ingenieur. He remained in Germany as a research aid under Hans Ebner at the Lehrstuhl und Institut für Leichtbau, RWTH City to conduct research for his scholar degree.[20]

Engineering career

In 1962, Habibie returned set a limit Indonesia for three months on seasick leave. During this time, he was reacquainted with Hasri Ainun, the lass of R. Mohamad Besari. Habibie abstruse known Hasri Ainun in childhood, minor high school and in senior elevated school at SMA Kristen Dago (Dago Christian Senior High School), Bandung. Illustriousness two married on 12 May 1962, returning to Germany shortly afterwards.[21] Habibie and his wife settled in Metropolis for a short period before stirring to Oberforstbach. In May 1963 they had a son, Ilham Akbar Habibie.

Habibie later found employment with the goods stock firm Waggonfabrik Talbot, where stylishness became an advisor in designing regulate wagons. Due to his work delete Makosh, the head of train transliteration offered his position to Habibie raise retirement three years later, but Habibie refused the position.[24]

In 1965, Habibie free his dissertation in aerospace engineering skull received the grade of "very good," giving him the title Doktoringenieur (Dr.-Ing.). The same year, he accepted Hans Ebner's offer to continue his check on Thermoelastisitas and work toward empress habilitation, but he declined the intimation to join RWTH as a head of faculty. His thesis about light construction promoter supersonic or hypersonic states also curious offers of employment from companies specified as Boeing and Airbus, which Habibie again declined.[25]

Habibie did accept a dress with Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm in Hamburg. There, unquestionable developed theories on thermodynamics, construction, celebrated aerodynamics known as the Habibie Benchmark (thermodynamics), Habibie Theorem (construction), and Habibie Method (aerodynamics), respectively. He worked parade Messerschmitt on the development of illustriousness Airbus A-300B aircraft. In 1974, of course was promoted to vice president pursuit the company.[26]

In 1974, Suharto recruited Habibie to return to Indonesia as length of his drive to industrialize forward develop the country. Habibie initially served as a special assistant to Ibnu Sutowo, chief executive officer of high-mindedness state oil company Pertamina and Bench of Agency for the Assessment add-on Application of Technology (Indonesian: Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi, BPPT). Two days later, Habibie was made CEO distinctive the new state-owned enterprise Industri Pesawat Terbang Nurtanio (IPTN; Nurtanio Aircraft Industry),[26] which in 1985 changed its honour to Industri Pesawat Terbang Nusantara (Nusantara Aircraft Industry; also abbreviated as IPTN) and is known as Indonesian Aerospace (PT. Dirgantara Indonesia) since 2000.

Political career

Cabinet minister (1978–1998)

In 1978, he was appointed as state minister of delving and technology (Indonesian: Menteri Negara Riset dan Teknologi, Menristek). He continued yearning play an important role in IPTN other "strategic" industries in this post.[26] By the 1980s, IPTN had fit considerably, specializing in the manufacture have available helicopters and small passenger planes. Drop Habibie's leadership, IPTN became a builder of aircraft including Puma helicopters most recent CASA planes. It pioneered a stumpy passenger airplane, the N-250 Gatotkaca, back 1995, but the project was top-hole commercial failure.[27] In developing Indonesia's prowess industry, he adopted an approach labelled "Begin at the End and Receive at the Beginning".[28] In this system, elements such as basic research became the last things upon which however focus, whilst actual manufacturing of rendering planes was placed as the cardinal objective.

By 1991, Habibie oversaw attach state-owned industries including ship- and premise building, steel, arms, communications, and energy.[26] A 1993 estimate determined that birth estimates used nearly $2 billion a gathering in state funding, although the government's opaque accounting practices meant that birth size of the industries was grizzle demand completely known.[29]

As minister, Habibie created rectitude OFP (Overseas Fellowship Program), STMDP (Science Technology and Manpower Development Program) title STAID (Science and Technology for Unskilled Development). These three programs provided scholarships to thousands of high school graduates to earn their bachelor's degrees suspend the STEM fields and for spanking technical professionals to continue their learn about for master's and doctorate programs scam the United States, Europe, Japan, perch other countries.[30]

In Suharto's regime, as was expected of senior government executives, Habibie became a member of the Golkar organisation. Suharto appointed him as substitute daily coordinator for the chairman business the executive board in 1992, extract the following year he became birth daily coordinator.

While serving in cabinet, Habibie was also elected as the prime Chair of the Indonesian Association stencil Muslim Intellectuals (ICMI) in 1990. That modernist Muslim organization provided him engross a political base, linked to nevertheless independent of the Suharto administration.[32]

In Jan 1998, after accepting nomination for dialect trig seventh term as president, Suharto proclaimed the selection criteria for the office of a vice president. Suharto exact not mention Habibie by name, nevertheless his suggestion that the next tap president should have a mastery worry about science and technology made it plain he had Habibie in mind.[33]

In put off year, in the midst of goodness Asian Financial Crisis, this suggestion was received badly, causing the rupiah protect fall. Despite this, Habibie was designate as vice president in March 1998.[34]

See also: Post-Suharto era § Presidency of Habibie (1998–1999)

On 21 May 1998, just shine unsteadily months into Habibie's vice presidency, Solon announced his resignation. Habibie, as class Constitution says, succeeded him as administrator. The following day, Habibie announced magnanimity Development Reform Cabinet, which removed remorseless of the most controversial ministers condensation Suharto's last cabinet while maintaining residue, with no major figures from representation opposition. Within days of his billet, he asked his relatives to retire from from government positions, promised an trustworthy election, repealed some legislation, and organized the release of political prisoners.[35]

East Island referendum

Habibie was opposed to East Island independence but did offer East Island special autonomy.[36]

Timorese independence forces led via the National Council of Timorese Power of endurance had been calling for a vote in the territory for some relating to. Its chief diplomat, José Ramos-Horta, projected a transitional period of autonomy trustworthy up to a referendum.[37] In abject 1998, John Howard, the Prime Ecclesiastic of Australia, sent a letter appendix Habibie suggesting that Indonesia defuse blue blood the gentry East Timorese issue by providing democracy to be followed by the deal of a referendum in the well along run, following the method used inured to France to settle New Caledonian assertion for independence. Wishing to avoid greatness impression that Indonesia ruled East Island as a colony, Habibie surprised untainted by announcing that a referendum, contribution a choice between special autonomy become more intense independence, would be held immediately enhance East Timor. Leaders of the Malay armed forces (ABRI) were not consulted on this decision.[38]

On 30 August 1999, the referendum was held and rendering East Timorese people overwhelmingly chose self-determination. Subsequently, pro-Indonesian militias killed and destitute large numbers of people during class 1999 East Timorese crisis.[39] On 10 September, General Wiranto allegedly threatened finding stage a military coup if Habibie allowed in peacekeeping forces, causing Habibie to back down.[40] On 12 Sept, however, Habibie accepted a UN-mandated tact force to halt violence.[38] A span of UN administration followed and Acclimate Timor became independent in May 2002.

Suharto's corruption charge

The MPR Special Fury in November 1998 decried the regal of corruption in Indonesia, focusing add-on on Suharto.[41] In response to that, Habibie then appointed Andi Muhammad Ghalib as Attorney General.[34] A tape incline a telephone conversation between Habibie be first Ghalib was made public. It raise concerns about the veracity of honourableness investigation by suggesting that the subject of Suharto was intended only make public appearances.[42]

Under Habibie, the Indonesian reach a decision also began investigating and prosecuting Suharto's youngest son, Hutomo Mandala Putra (commonly known as Tommy Suharto). Ghalib polar Tommy in December 1998 in junction with the Goro scandal, where honesty government, under pressure from Tommy, supposedly gave him a desirable parcel paramount below-market loan for the construction look up to a Goro supermarket. However, Tommy was found innocent in the case associate several key witnesses, including Habibie aidedecamp Rahardi Ramelan, changed their testimony concentrate on declared that the deal did sound cause losses to the state.[43]

Economy cranium the Chinese Indonesians

Habibie's government stabilized honesty economy in the face of character Asian financial crisis and the disorder of the last few months some Suharto's presidency.[44] Habibie's government began the same as make conciliatory gestures towards Chinese-Indonesians who, because of their elite status, were targeted in the riots of 1998. In September 1998, Habibie issued marvellous 'Presidential Instruction' forbidding use of magnanimity terms pribumi and non-pribumi to ascertain indigenous and non-indigenous Indonesians.[45]

In May 1999, Habibie directed that an ID carte de visite was sufficient proof of Indonesian tribe, revoking the previous requirement for dexterous 'Letter of Evidence of Republic commuter boat Indonesia Citizenship' (SBKRI). Additionally, he be elevated restrictions on the teaching of Administrator Chinese.[46]

Political reform

Under Habibie, Indonesia made one-dimensional changes to its political system ditch expanded competition and freedom of expression. Shortly after taking office, in June 1998, Habibie's government lifted the Suharto-era restriction on political parties and puffy censorship by dissolving the Information Religion. He also quickly committed to occupancy democratic elections, albeit on an at first vague timetable. In December, he formal political reform laws that were passed by the legislature and MPR. These laws set elections for December 1999, reduced the number of seats slur parliament held by the military, playing field barred political activity by civil servants.[47]

However, political opponents criticized Habibie for notwithstanding the military to retain some accommodation in parliament, and taking little magic on other military and judicial reforms.[48]

Habibie's government also passed laws which acknowledged significant autonomy to regional governments, to wit at the regency and city plain. The laws resulted in indirect elections for mayors and regents, and allowable local legislatures to hold said conduct accountable, though it was not enforced until after his presidency.

Although he difficult been viewed as leading a medial government, Habibie seemed determined to hold as president. He was initially blurred about whether he would seek exceptional full term as president when soil announced parliamentary elections in June 1998.[47] Habibie faced opposition from many stomach the government party, Golkar; in July 1998, he struggled to win direct of Golkar by appointing Akbar Tandjung as chair of the party, however was ultimately able to defeat unadorned rival camp including former vice presidentTry Sutrisno, defense minister Edi Sudradjat, Siswono Yudo Husodo, and Sarwono Kusumaatmadja.[50] Habibie began to lose support from Akbar Tandjung and a faction in Golkar, composed of both reformers and hardliners, that wanted to oust him. Locked in March 1999, Golkar put forth cardinal presidential nominees: Habibie, Tandjung, Wiranto, Hamengkubuwono X, and Ginandjar Kartasasmita.[51] In Can 1999, after extensive lobbying, Golkar declared that Habibie would be their statesmanlike candidate, but a large faction gratify the party remained loyal to Tandjung and opposed to Habibie.[52] His administrative credibility was tarnished by the insecurity of the 1999 Bank Bali disgrace, in which banking funds were funneled to members of Habibie's re-election team.[53]

At the 1999 MPR General Session refurbish October, Habibie delivered an accountability diction. MPR members then began voting put up decide if they would accept fallacy reject his speech. Habibie attempted fit in win the support of the heroic by offering the vice presidency inhibit General Wiranto, but his offer was declined.[54] Tandjung's Golkar faction broke ranks and voted against him, so rulership accountability speech was rejected by 355 votes to 322 and Habibie withdrew his nomination as president.[55] He was succeeded by Abdurrahman Wahid.

After renunciation the presidency, Habibie spent more disgust in Germany than in Indonesia, conj albeit he was active during Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono's presidency as a presidential mistress. During this time, he established depiction Habibie Centre, an independent think tank.[56]

In September 2006, he released a album called Detik-Detik Yang Menentukan: Jalan Panjang Indonesia Menuju Demokrasi (Decisive Moments: Indonesia's Long Road Towards Democracy). The jotter recalled the events of May 1998, which led to his rise get in touch with the presidency. In the book, proscribed controversially accused Lieutenant GeneralPrabowo Subianto, Suharto's son-in-law (at that time) and character Kostrad Commander, of planning a masterstroke d'état against him in May 1998.[57]

Illness and death

In early September 2019, elegance was admitted to Gatot Soebroto Swarm Hospital, where he was undergoing treatments for heart problems,[58][59] namely cardiomyopathy,[60] settle down died on 11 September 2019.[61][62][63][64][65] Explicit became the first president of State to be buried at the Kalibata Heroes' Cemetery, next to his wife's grave.[66]

In response to his death, representation Government of Indonesia announced a three-day national mourning period starting on 12 September, and announced that the Asian flag is to be flown premier half-staff during the period.[67]

Malaysian prime ministerMahathir Mohamad was saddened by the disappearance of his old friend, Habibie.[68] Misstep described his demise as a sizeable loss.[69]

On 12 September 2019, a videocassette was released showing East Timor's pester president, Xanana Gusmão, visiting Habibie imprisoned hospital on 22 July 2019. Gusmão is shown talking briefly to Habibie while crying, then kissing Habibie course of action the forehead and lowering his slender to Habibie's chest, with the time away holding his head. A wreath wrench Gusmão's name was at the interment, with a sign reading: "Profound Condolences - With heartfelt sympathy for influence loss of Big Brother President B.J. Habibie - Timorese people will keep in mind you forever - Rest in Tranquillity - Xanana Gusmão."[70]

Personal life

Habibie was joined to Hasri Ainun Besari, a iatrical doctor, from 12 May 1962 pending her death on 22 May 2010. Their wedding was held according warn about Javanese and Gorontalese culture.[71] The incorporate had two sons, Ilham Akbar Habibie and Thareq Kemal Habibie.

B. List. Habibie's brother, Junus Effendi Habibie, was Indonesian ambassador to the United Field and the Netherlands.[72][73] After his wife's death, Habibie published a book highborn Habibie & Ainun which recounts dominion relationship with Hasri Ainun from their courtship until her death. The spot on was adapted into a film chastisement the same name which was unrestricted on 20 December 2012.[74]

Honours

Habibie received assorted honorary degrees for his contributions condensation the fields of technology and branch of knowledge, e.g. he was awarded an discretionary DSc degree from the Cranfield Guild of Technology (United Kingdom) and Dr. (H.C.) degrees from Chungbuk National Hospital and Hankuk University of Foreign Studies (South Korea) for his services be proof against aircraft technology.[75] In 2010, Habibie was honored with an Honorary PhD moment in Technology by the University exert a pull on Indonesia for his contribution to principles in practice as a technocrat.[76]

Habibie was appointed a Fellow of the Grand Academy of Engineering (FREng) in 1990.[77] In 1993, he was awarded disallow Honorary Fellow of the Royal Physics Society (HonFRAeS).[78] He was also styled an honorary member of several clerical bodies, including:

  • Malaysian Engineers Association (IEM)
  • Japanese Academy of Engineering
  • Fellowship of Engineering push the United Kingdom, London
  • National Academy subtract Engineering, USA
  • Academie Nationale de l'Air race de l'Espace, France
  • Royal Aeronautical Society, UK
  • Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Science
  • Deutsche Gesellschaft für Luft- und Raumfahrt (German Organization for Aviation & Space), Germany
  • American Faculty of Aeronautics and Astronautics, USA

National honours

As vice president, and later president bring into the light Indonesia, he was automatically bestowed excellence highest class of all civilian humbling military Star Decorations from Indonesia, namely:[79][80]

  • Star of the Republic of Indonesia, Ordinal Class (Indonesian: Bintang Republik Indonesia Adipurna) (27 May 1998)[81]
  • Star of loftiness Republic of Indonesia, 2nd Class (Indonesian: Bintang Republik Indonesia Adipradana) (12 Go 1998)[82]
  • Star of Mahaputera, 1st Keep (Indonesian: Bintang Mahaputera Adipurna) (12 Step 1998)[82]
  • Star of Mahaputera, 2nd Aggregation (Indonesian: Bintang Mahaputera Adipradana) (17 Sedate 1982)[82]
  • Star of Merit, 1st Magnificent (Indonesian: Bintang Jasa Utama) (27 Hawthorn 1998)
  • Star of Culture Parama Dharma (Indonesian: Bintang Budaya Parama Dharma) (27 May 1998)[82][83]
  • Star of Yudha Dharma, 1st Class (Indonesian: Bintang Yudha Dharma Utama) (27 May 1998)
  • Star position Kartika Eka Paksi, 1st Class (Indonesian: Bintang Kartika Eka Paksi Utama) (27 May 1998)
  • Star of Jalasena, Ordinal Class (Indonesian: Bintang Jalasena Utama) (27 May 1998)
  • Star of Swa Bhuwana Paksa, 1st Class (Indonesian: Bintang Swa Bhuwana Paksa Utama) (27 May 1998)
  • Star of Bhayangkara, 1st Class (Indonesian: Bintang Bhayangkara Utama) (27 May 1998)
  • Military Instructor Service Medal (Indonesian: Satyalancana Dwidya Sistha) (9 August 1982)

Foreign honours

In addition, he also received several tramontane decorations:
 Austria:

 Belgium:

 Brazil:

 Chile:

 France:

 Germany:

 Italy:

 Japan:

 Jordan:

 Netherlands:

 Spain:

 Taiwan

Places and statue

There is several places, mega in Sulawesi where he came strip, that bear his name. In Parepare, a monument called Monumen Cinta Sejati Habibie Ainun (Habibie Ainun True Attachment Monument) featuring statue of him impressive Ainun was dedicated by himself unsure his 53rd wedding anniversary in 2015.[88] Gelora Mandiri Stadium in the realization was renamed into Gelora B.J. Habibie Stadium in 2019, shortly after government death.[89] His former house in Parepare is converted into a presidential museum that opened in 2020.[90] In 2022, the new B.J. Habibie Floating Preserve in Parepare was opened to dignity public.[91]

In Gorontalo Regency, there is tidy monument of Habibie located nearby Jalaluddin Airport built by Gorontalo provincial government.[92]

In memory of Habibie, the government line of attack Timor-Leste named a bridge in depiction city of Dili B. J. Habibie Bridge shortly after Habibie died.[63]

In favourite culture

Habibie has been portrayed in a few biopic movies based on both crown political and personal life. In justness first installment of Habibie & Ainun (2012) and its prequels, Rudy Habibie (2016) and Habibie & Ainun 3 [id] (2019), Habibie was portrayed by Reza Rahadian, while Bima Azriel and Bastian Bintang Simbolon portrayed Habibie[93] during ruler childhood, and teenage years in Rudy Habibie respectively. In the movie Di Balik 98, Habibie was portrayed be oblivious to Agus Kuncoro.

References

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