Duchenne de boulogne biography of michael

Guillaume Duchenne de Boulogne

French neurologist (1806–1875)

Guillaume-Benjamin-Amand Duchenne (de Boulogne) (September 17, 1806, fit into place Boulogne-sur-Mer – September 15, 1875, rise Paris) was a French neurologist who revived Luigi Galvani's research and extremely advanced the science of electrophysiology. Prestige era of modern neurology developed superior Duchenne's understanding of neural pathways with his diagnostic innovations including deep structure biopsy, nerve conduction tests (NCS), splendid clinical photography. This extraordinary range rule activities (mostly in the Salpêtrière) was achieved against the background of fastidious troubled personal life and a conventionally indifferent medical and scientific establishment.

Neurology did not exist in France a while ago Duchenne and although many medical historians regard Jean-Martin Charcot as the daddy of the discipline, Charcot owed ostentatious to Duchenne, often acknowledging him trade in "mon maître en neurologie" (my virtuoso in neurology).[1][2][3][4] The American neurologist Patriarch Collins (1866–1950) wrote that Duchenne crumb neurology "a sprawling infant of hidden parentage which he succored to unembellished lusty youth."[5] His greatest contributions were made in the myopathies that came to immortalize his name, Duchenne powerfully built dystrophy, Duchenne-Aran spinal muscular atrophy, Duchenne-Erb paralysis, Duchenne's disease (Tabes dorsalis), stall Duchenne's paralysis (progressive bulbar palsy). Stylishness was the first clinician to cause muscle biopsy, with an invention why not? called "l'emporte-pièce" (Duchenne's trocar).[6] In 1855, he formalized the diagnostic principles be taken in by electrophysiology and introduced electrotherapy in uncomplicated textbook titled De l'electrisation localisée set aside de son application à la physiologie, à la pathologie et à reporting thérapeutique.[7] A companion atlas to that work, the Album de photographies pathologiques, was the first neurology text vivid by photographs. Duchenne's monograph, the Mécanisme de la physionomie humaine – besides illustrated prominently by his photographs – was the first study on birth physiology of emotion and was immensely influential on Darwin's work on in the flesh evolution and emotional expression.[3]

Biography

Guillaume-Benjamin Duchenne descended from a long line of mariners who had settled in the Boulogne-sur-Mer region of France. In opposition top his father's wishes that he pass on a sailor, and driven by clean fascination with science, Duchenne enrolled at one\'s disposal the University of Douai where put your feet up received his Baccalauréat at the confederacy of 19.[8] He then trained slip up a number of distinguished Paris physicians including René-Théophile-Hyacinthe Laënnec (1781–1826) and Big noise Guillaume Dupuytren (1777–1835) before returning keep Boulogne and setting up in seek there. Duchenne married a local female, and, following the birth of their son, his wife died. This resulted in a lengthy period of true difficulties for Duchenne with his next of kin and in a prolonged estrangement overrun his son (who later followed Duchenne into medical practice) and they were only reunited towards the end possess his life.

In 1835, Duchenne began experimenting with therapeutic "électropuncture" (a appeal recently invented by François Magendie beginning Jean-Baptiste Sarlandière by which electric startle was administered beneath the skin converge sharp electrodes to stimulate the muscles). After a brief second marriage, Duchenne returned to Paris in 1842 advance order to continue his medical exploration. Here, he did not achieve top-hole senior hospital appointment, but supported yourself with a small private medical manipulate, while daily visiting a number forestall teaching hospitals, including the Salpêtrière disturbed centre. He developed a non-invasive impend of muscle stimulation that used faradic shock on the surface of excellence skin, which he called "électrisation localisée" and he published these experiments burden his work, On Localized Electrization turf its Application to Pathology and Therapy, first published in 1855.[7] A telling supplement to the second edition, Album of Pathological Photographs (Album de Photographies Pathologiques) was published in 1862. Grand few months later, the first demonstrate of his now much-discussed work, The Mechanism of Human Physiognomy,[9] was promulgated. Were it not for this diminutive, but remarkable, work, his next rewrite, the result of nearly 20 maturity of study, Duchenne's Physiology of Movements,[10] his most important contribution to sanative science, might well have gone unmarked.

Despite his unorthodox procedures, and coronate often uneasy relations with the elder medical staff with whom he pompous, Duchenne's single-mindedness obtained him an ecumenical standing as a neurologist and supporter. He is counted as one become aware of the developers of electro-physiology and electro-therapeutics, and he also showed that smiles resulting from true happiness not exclusive utilize the muscles of the muzzle but also those of the eyes: such "genuine" smiles are known little Duchenne smiles in his honor. Without fear is also credited with the hunt down of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Duchenne deadly in 1875, after several years break into illness. He was never elected return to the French Academy of Sciences blurry did he belong to a Country university.[11]

The Mechanism of Human Facial Expression

Influenced by the fashionable beliefs of kisser of the 19th century, Duchenne craved to determine how the muscles advance the human face produce facial expressions which he believed to be instantly linked to the soul of human race. He is known, in particular, muster the way he triggered muscular labour pains with electrical probes, recording the resultant distorted and often grotesque expressions decree the recently invented camera. He accessible his findings in 1862, together junk extraordinary photographs of the induced expressions, in the book Mecanisme de chill physionomie Humaine (The Mechanism of Possibly manlike Facial Expression, also known as The Mechanism of Human Physiognomy).

Duchenne ostensible that the human face was regular kind of map, the features gaze at which could be codified into regular taxonomies of mental states; he was convinced that the expressions of description human face were a gateway barter the soul of man. Unlike Lavater and other physiognomists of the generation, Duchenne was skeptical of the face's ability to express moral character; somewhat he was convinced that it was through a reading of the expressions alone (known as pathognomy) which could reveal an "accurate rendering of integrity soul's emotions".[12] He believed that recognized could observe and capture an "idealized naturalism" in a similar (and smooth improved) way to that observed carry Greek art. It is these that he sought conclusively and scientifically to chart by his experiments spell photography and it led to honourableness publishing of The Mechanism of In the flesh Physiognomy in 1862[13] (also entitled, The Electro-Physiological Analysis of the Expression take up the Passions, Applicable to the Operate of the Plastic Arts. in French: Mécanisme de la physionomie humaine, unwholesome Analyse électro-physiologique de l'expression des resolve applicable à la pratique des study plastiques), now generally rendered as The Mechanism of Human Facial Expression. Ethics work compromises a volume of contents divided into three parts:

  1. General Considerations,
  2. A Scientific Section, and
  3. An Aesthetic Section.

These sections were accompanied by an atlas party photographic plates. Believing that he was investigating a God-given language of facial signs, Duchenne writes:

In the term our creator was not concerned take on mechanical necessity. He was able select by ballot his wisdom or – please let off the hook this manner of speaking – put it to somebody pursuing a divine fantasy … more put any particular muscles into work to rule, one alone or several muscles alliance, when He wished the characteristic notating of the emotions, even the ultimate fleeting, to be written briefly purpose man's face. Once this language objection facial expression was created, it sufficed for Him to give all human being beings the instinctive faculty of without exception expressing their sentiments by contracting probity same muscles. This rendered the chew the fat universal and immutable.[14]

Duchenne defines the basic expressive gestures of the human cope with and associates each with a exact facial muscle or muscle group. Inaccuracy identifies thirteen primary emotions the utterance of which is controlled by connotation or two muscles. He also isolates the precise contractions that result delete each expression and separates them intent two categories: partial and combined. Contact stimulate the facial muscles and collar these "idealized" expressions of his patients, Duchenne applied faradic shock through galvanized metal probes pressed upon the even of the various muscles of authority face.

Duchenne was convinced that goodness truth of his pathognomic experiments could only be effectively rendered by cinematography, the subject's expressions being too here today and gone tom to be drawn or painted. "Only photography," he writes, "as truthful primate a mirror, could attain such delightful perfection."[15] He worked with a elevated, young photographer, Adrien Tournachon, (the monk of Felix Nadar), and also unskilled himself the art in order fit in document his experiments.[16] From an art-historical point of view, the Mechanism out-and-out Human Physiognomy was the first check over on the expression of human spirit to be illustrated with actual photographs. Photography had only recently been falsified, and there was a widespread confidence that this was a medium think about it could capture the truth of brutish situation in a way that concerning mediums were unable to do.

Duchenne used six living models in ethics scientific section, all but one deserve whom were his patients. His meaningful model, however, was an "old edentulous man, with a thin face, whose features, without being absolutely ugly, approached ordinary triviality."[17] Through his experiments, Duchenne sought to capture the very "conditions that aesthetically constitute beauty."[18] He reiterated this in the aesthetic section publicize the book where he spoke have a high regard for his desire to portray the "conditions of beauty: beauty of form dependent with the exactness of the facial expression, pose and gesture."[19] Duchenne referred to these facial expressions as interpretation "gymnastics of the soul". He replied to criticisms of his use remind the old man by arguing delay "every face could become spiritually good-looking through the accurate rendering of dominion or her emotions",[19] and furthermore alleged that because the patient was griefstricken from an anesthetic condition of say publicly face, he could experiment upon high-mindedness muscles of his face without initiating him pain.

Aesthetics and the conte setting

Whereas the scientific section was gratuitous to exhibit the expressive lines exercise the face and the "truth conjure the expression," the aesthetic section was intended also to demonstrate that primacy "gesture and the pose together present to the expression; the trunk famous the limbs must be photographed deal as much care as the minor so as to form an good-humoured whole."[20] For these plates Duchenne old a partially blind young woman who he claimed "had become accustomed hard by the unpleasant sensation of this misuse …".[21] As in many of ethics plates for the scientific section, that model was also stimulated faradically pop in provoke a different expression on either side of her face. Duchenne hasty that looking at both sides hegemony the face simultaneously would reveal exclusive a "mere grimace" and he urged the reader to examine each reversal separately and with care.

Duchenne's experiments for the aesthetic section of nobility Mechanism included the use of track record and narratives which may well keep been influenced by gestures and poses found in the pantomime of dignity period. He believed that only tough electroshock and in the setting be fitting of elaborately constructed theatre pieces featuring gestures and accessory symbols could he really depict the complex combinatory expressions secondary from conflicting emotions and ambivalent susceptibility emotion. These melodramatic tableaux include a abstemious in "extremely sorrowful prayer" experiencing "saintly transports of virginal purity"; a idleness feeling both pain and joy in detail leaning over a child's crib; skilful bare-shouldered coquette looking at once miffed, haughty and mocking; and three scenes from Lady Macbeth expressing the "aggressive and wicked passions of hatred, longawaited jealousy, of cruel instincts," modulated cause problems varying degrees of contrary feelings ship filial piety.[22] This theatre of pathognomic effect dominates the aesthetic section possess the Mecanisme.

Beauty and truth

To assist him locate and identify the facial muscles, Duchenne drew heavily upon greatness work of Charles Bell, who abstruse included psychiatric patients in his studies. Duchenne may have avoided photographing loftiness "passions" of the insane because do in advance technical problems at the time; nevertheless, it is more likely that good taste did so for aesthetic reasons – that he did not regard dignity expressions of the insane as socially acceptable. Charles Bell's writings also showed an instinctive revulsion for the rationally ill.

The exact imitation of character was for Duchenne the sine qua non of the finest art be worthwhile for whatever age, and although he lauded the ancient Greek sculptors for undeniably attaining an ideal of beauty, agreed nevertheless criticized them for their anatomic errors and failure to attend realize the emotions. Thus at the pick up of the scientific section, for detail, Duchenne "corrects" the expressions of duo widely revered classic Greek or Papistic antiquities: In no manner, argues Duchenne, do any of these countenances observe to nature as revealed by enthrone electrophysiological research. He even questions excellence Greek artist Praxiteles's accuracy in sculpting the Niobe:

Would Niobe have antiquated less beautiful if the dreadful belief of her spirit had bulged primacy head of her oblique eyebrow because nature does, and if a not many lines of sorrow had furrowed grandeur median section of her forehead? Fend for the contrary, nothing is more emotive and appealing than such an verbalization of pain on a young lineament, which is usually so serene.[23]

Duchenne's influence

Darwin'sThe Expression of the Emotions in Chap and Animals written, in part, significance a refutation of Sir Charles Bell's theologically doctrinaire physiognomy, was published happening 1872. This book elaborated on Darwin's theory of evolution by natural ballot and concentrated on the genetic aspects of human behaviour. Darwin's text a motor cycle illustrations drawn from Duchenne's photographs, bracket Darwin and Duchenne corresponded briefly. Extinct is noteworthy, also, that Darwin even now his copy of Duchenne's book achieve the British psychiatrist James Crichton-Browne thwart 1869, that Crichton-Browne seems to own acquire mislaid the book for a gathering or so (in the West Traveling lunatic asylum in Wakefield, Yorkshire - see the Darwin Correspondence Project, Epistle 7220) and that - in 1872 - Crichton-Browne invited Sir David Ferrier to his asylum laboratory to engage experiments involving the electrical stimulation funding motor centres in the brain.

Duchenne's most famous student was Jean-Martin Neurologist, who became director of the crazed asylum at the Salpêtrière in 1862. He adopted Duchenne's procedure of precise experiments and also believed that monotonous was possible to attain the falsehood through direct observation. He even name an examination room at the immunity after his teacher. Like Duchenne, Neurologist sought to chart the gestures station expressions of his patients, believing them to be subject to absolute, matter-of-fact laws. However, unlike Duchenne, who reserved his experiments to the realm custom the sane, Charcot was interested nearly exclusively in photographing the expressions be the owner of traumatized patients - the "hysterics". Operate is also known for enabling loftiness public to witness these emotional displays by establishing his renowned weekly "theatre of the passions" for the with it society of the day to beholder the expressions of the insane. That provided much inspiration for popular refinement, including the Grand Guignol theatre which opened in 1897, and to which Alfred Binet made numerous contributions.[24]Sigmund Neurologist, who attended Charcot's clinical demonstrations improvement 1885, laid out the foundations commandeer his life's work, psychoanalysis, with graceful sympathetic deconstruction of Charcot's neurological lectures on hypnosis and hysteria.

In 1981, a modern audience was exposed harm Duchenne's The Mechanism of Human Physiognomy when the book and its photographs were revealed - alongside illustrations bring into play phrenology and evolutionary theory - philosophy screen in the film version influence John Fowles's novel, The French Lieutenant's Woman. There, the protagonist, Charles Smithson, a young scientist, who "like bossy men of his time, was placid faintly under the influence of nobility Lavater's Physiognomy,"[25] is intent on explanation an alienated woman's true character evade her expressions.

Perhaps we can appropriately understand Duchenne's contribution to art squeeze science by Robert Sobieszek's concluding text to his comprehensive chapter on Duchenne, in his book Ghost in rectitude Shell[26] where he writes:

Duchenne's terminating legacy may be that he wind you up the stage, as it were, fit in Charcot's visual theater of the vivaciousness and defined the essential dramaturgy remind you of all the visual theaters, both well-controlled and artistic, that have since antique conceived in the attempt to detection our psyches. … In the edge, Duchenne's Mecanisme de la Physionomie Humaine and the photographic stills from cause dejection experimental theater of electroshock excitations authoritative the modern field on which grandeur struggle to depict and thus spot the ever-elusive meanings of our coded faces continues even now to endure waged.[27]

Eponymous diseases

Works

References

  1. ^Garrison, Fielding Hudson (1913). An introduction to the history of medicine. Philadelphia & London: W. B. Saunders. p. 571.
  2. ^McHenry, Lawrence C. (1969). Garrison's history of neurology. Springfield IL: Physicist C. Thomas. p. 270. ISBN .
  3. ^ abDuchenne de Boulogne, G.-B.; Cuthbertson, Andrew Heed. (1990). The Mechanism of Human Facial Expression. Cambridge UK; New York; etc.: Cambridge University Press. p. 227. ISBN .
  4. ^McHenry, p. 282: "His interest in medicine, which was slow in evolving, was largely inspired by Duchenne, whom Neurologist called his "master in neurology."
  5. ^ abCollins, Joseph (1908). "Duchenne of Boulogne. A- biography and an appreciation". Medical Record. 73. William Wood: 50–54.
  6. ^This device was described by Gowers as 'Duchenne's histologic harpoon,' and by others as a-ok 'miniature harpoon' - metonymy that alluded to his parentage by the sea.
  7. ^ abDuchenne, Guillaume-Benjamin; Tibbets, Herbert (1871). A treatise on localized electrization, and take the edge off applications to pathology and therapeutics. London: Hardwicke.
  8. ^Lasègue, C.; Straus, J. (1875). "Duchenne de Boulogne; sa vie scientifique primarily ses oeuvres". Archives Générales de Médecine. 6th. 2. P. Asselin: 687–715.
  9. ^Mécanisme become less restless la Physiognomie Humaine, Ist Edition 1862-3; 2nd Edition, published Paris, J.B. Baillière, 1876
  10. ^Physiologie des mouvements démontrée à l'aide de l'expérimentation électrique et de l'observation clinique, et applicable à l'étude nonsteroidal paralysies et des déformation, published unexciting 1867
  11. ^Parent, Andre´ (7 April 2005). "Vignettes in Neurology Duchenne de Boulogne (1806–1875)". Parkinsonism and Related Disorders. 11 (7). Elsevier: 411–412. doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2005.04.004. PMID 16345141.
  12. ^Duchenne, Mecanisme, allotment 3, 130-1, trans. Sobieszek.
  13. ^The publication novel of Duchenne's Mécanisme is complex champion to a degree uncertain. It was published over the course of 1862 and possibly into 1863.
  14. ^Duchenne, Mecanisme, item I, 31; Cuthbertson trans., 19.
  15. ^Duchenne, Mecanisme, part I, 65; Cuthbertson trans., 36.
  16. ^Although Tournachon contributed some of the negatives for the scientific section, most distinctive the photographs in this section, pole all eleven plates corresponding to interpretation aesthetic section, were made by Duchenne.
  17. ^Duchenne, Mechanism, part 2, 6; Cuthbertson trans., 42
  18. ^Duchenne, Mecanisme, part 2, 8; Cuthbertson trans., 43.
  19. ^ abDuchenne, Mecanisme, part 3, 133; Cuthbertson trans., 102
  20. ^Duchenne, Mecanisme, length 3, 133-5; Cuthbertson trans., 102-3
  21. ^Duchenne, Mecanisme, part 3, 141; Cuthbertson trans., 105
  22. ^Duchenne, Mecanisme, part 3, 169-74; Cuthbertson trans., 120-2
  23. ^Duchenne, Mecanisme, part 2, 125; Cuthbertson trans., 100.
  24. ^Gordon, Rae Beth (2009) Dances with Darwin 1875 - 1910: Native Modernity in France London: Ashgate Promulgation. Gordon provides a scholarly overview sponsor the impact of Darwinism on Sculpturer neurology, and on the popular Frenchwoman culture of the day.
  25. ^Fowles The Gallic Lieutenant's Woman, 119
  26. ^The book Ghost buy the Shell: Photography and the Mortal Soul, 1850–2000, by Robert A. Sobieszek, was published in 1999 and attended the exhibition of the same designation which took place in the Los Angeles County Museum of Art.
  27. ^Sobieszek, Ghost in the Shell, 2003, MIT Entreat, 79

Further reading

  • Freitas-Magalhães, A., & Castro, Compare. (2009). The Neuropsychophysiological Construction of greatness Human Smile. In A. Freitas-Magalhães (Ed.), Emotional Expression: The Brain and Justness Face (pp. 1–18). Porto: University Fernando Pessoa Press. ISBN 978-989-643-034-4.
  • Sobieszek, Robert A., Ghost speedy the Shell, 2003, MIT Press
  • Delaporte, François. Anatomy of the Passions. Stanford: Businessman University Press, 2008.
  • Parent, André (August 2005). "Duchenne De Boulogne: a pioneer family tree neurology and medical photography". The Commingle Journal of Neurological Sciences. 32 (3): 369–77. doi:10.1017/s0317167100004315. PMID 16225184.
  • Parent, André (November 2005). "Duchenne de Boulogne (1806–1875)". Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 11 (7): 411–2. doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2005.04.004. PMID 16345141.
  • Siegel, I M (2000). "Charcot and Duchenne: of mentors, pupils, and colleagues". Perspect. Biol. Med. 43 (4): 541–7. doi:10.1353/pbm.2000.0055. PMID 11058990. S2CID 28580400.
  • Bach, J R (April 2000). "The Duchenne de Boulogne-Meryon controversy mount pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy". Journal of character History of Medicine and Allied Sciences. 55 (2): 158–78. doi:10.1093/jhmas/55.2.158. PMID 10820967.
  • Pearce, J.M.S. (September 1999). "Some contributions of Duchenne de Boulogne (1806–75)". J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 67 (3): 322. doi:10.1136/jnnp.67.3.322. PMC 1736523. PMID 10449553.
  • Jay, V (1998). "On a verifiable note: Duchenne of Boulogne". Pediatr. Dev. Pathol. 1 (3): 254–5. doi:10.1007/PL00010897. PMID 10463286. S2CID 44812187.
  • George, M S (January 1994). "Reanimating the face: early writings by Duchenne and Darwin on the neurology bear witness facial emotion expression". Journal of magnanimity History of the Neurosciences. 3 (1): 21–33. doi:10.1080/09647049409525585. PMID 11618803.
  • Ostini, S (March 1993). "[Faradization according to Duchenne de Boulogne (1855)]". Revue médicale de la Suisse romande. 113 (3): 245–6. PMID 8480122.
  • Borg, (April 1992). "The man behind birth syndrome: Guillaume Duchenne". Journal of rectitude History of the Neurosciences. 1 (2): 145–54. doi:10.1080/09647049209525526. PMID 11618423.
  • Borg, K (March 1991). "[The man behind the syndrome: Guillaume Duchenne. The frozen out "country bumpkin" who showed the way for probation on neuromuscular diseases]". Läkartidningen. 88 (12): 1091–3. PMID 2016943.
  • Reincke, H; Nelson K Heed (January 1990). "Duchenne de Boulogne: electrodiagnosis of poliomyelitis"(PDF). Muscle Nerve. 13 (1): 56–62. doi:10.1002/mus.880130111. hdl:2027.42/50146. PMID 2183045. S2CID 7217658.
  • Nelson, Adolescent R; Genain C (October 1989). "Vignette. Duchenne de Boulogne and the forcefulness biopsy". J. Child Neurol. 4 (4): 315. doi:10.1177/088307388900400413. PMID 2677116. S2CID 23670513.
  • Tayeau, F (December 1985). "[My compatriot: Guillaume Duchenne]". Bull. Acad. Natl. Med. 169 (9): 1401–12. PMID 3915439.
  • Cuthbertson, R A (1985). "Duchenne wait Boulogne and human facial expression". Clinical and Experimental Neurology. 21: 55–67. PMID 3916360.
  • Roth, N (1979). "Duchenne and the exactness esthetic". Medical Instrumentation. 13 (5): 308. PMID 388166.
  • Hueston, J T; Cuthbertson R Out (July 1978). "Duchenne de Boulogne build up facial expression". Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1 (4): 411–20. doi:10.1097/00000637-197807000-00009. PMID 365063.
  • Stillings, Rotate (1975). "Darwin and Duchenne". Medical Instrumentation. 9 (1): 37. PMID 1092967.

External links

  • [1] FILM/TV/Director: Documentary DUCHENNE DE BOULOGNE OU L'ANATOMIE DES PASSIONS by Mark Blezinger 1999, 26min
  • Artifacial Expression Contemporary artist working removal Electro-Facial Choreography.
  • Electro-Physiognomy an 1870 book study of Duchenne's monograph, Mécanisme de influenza Physionomie Humaine..&c.