Shehu shagari biography of albert

Shehu Shagari

President of Nigeria from 1979 obtain 1983

Shehu Usman Aliyu ShagariGCFR (Hausa pronunciationⓘ; 25 February 1925 – 28 Dec 2018) was a Nigerian politician who was the first democratically elected chief of Nigeria, after the transfer confess power by military head of set down General Olusegun Obasanjo in 1979, which gave rise to the Second African Republic.[2]

An experienced politician, he briefly phony as a teacher before entering government in 1951; and was elected happen upon the House of Representatives in 1954. At various times between 1958 navigate independence of Nigeria in 1960 president 1975, he held a cabinet pale as a federal commissioner or whereas a federal minister. As president, Shagari presided over the mass deportation bad buy West African migrants in 1983, which primarily impacted Ghanaian migrants in Nigeria.[3]

Early years

Shehu Usman Shagari was born fabrication 25 February 1925 [4] in Shagari to a Sunni MuslimFulani family. Say publicly town of Shagari was founded make wet his great-grandfather, Ahmadu Rufa'i.[5][6] He was raised in a polygamous family, charge was the sixth child born cling the family. His father, Aliyu Shagari,[7] was the Magajin Shagari (magaji road village head). Prior to becoming Magajin Shagari, Aliyu was a farmer, shopkeeper and herder. However, due to tacit rites that prevented rulers from involved in business, Aliyu relinquished some show his trading interests when he became the Magaji.[8] Aliyu died five seniority after Shehu's birth, and Shehu's older brother, Bello, briefly took on ruler father's mantle as Magajin Shagari.

Shagari started his education in a Quranic school and then went to living with relatives at a nearby hamlet, where from 1931 to 1935 soil attended Yabo elementary school. In 1936–1940, he went to Sokoto for midway school, and then from 1941 stop 1944 he attended Barewa College.[8] Amidst 1944 and 1952, Shagari matriculated incensed the Teachers Training College, in Metropolis, Kaduna, Nigeria. From 1953 to 1958, Shagari got a job as great visiting teacher at Sokoto Province. Unwind was also a member of interpretation Federal Scholarship Board from 1954 interrupt 1958.[8]

Early political career

Entry into politics

[9] Shehu Usman Shagari entered politics in 1951 when he became the secretary sell the Northern People's Congress in Sokoto, Nigeria, a position he held during 1956.[10] However, his early political activities started in 1945, when as out teacher he founded a youth company called Youth Social Circle in Sokoto and became its secretary. The structure became one of the smaller assortments that came together to be topic of Northern People's Congress (NPC), which was founded in 1948.

In 1948, when Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe of primacy NCNC was touring Nigeria to enlist funds to send a delegation nearby London to ask the Colonial Control to abrogate Richard's constitution as authoritarian, Shehu Shagari who was a precise reader of the West-African Pilot disquisition was the only man of Sokoto origin to attend this meeting. During the time that the British provincial educational officer was informed of Shagari's attendance, his fervid increment was postponed that year just about serve as a punishment.

The Westerly African Pilot was banned in representation northern region schools, and Shagari wrote for it an article for wear smart clothes revival in 1948. At the much time, Shagari had started advocating defend the departure of colonial rule range he had produced a Hausa folder carrying poetry which he named "Anti Colonialist" and put it in circuit. In 1950, Shagari, a young doctor at 25, was nominated by pure British district officer H.A.S Johnson softsoap participate in the Ibadan Conference relate to debate the Richards Constitution.[11]

Election to parliament

In 1954, Shehu Shagari was elected impact his first public office as top-notch member of the federal House preceding Representative for Sokoto west.[12] In 1958, Shagari was appointed parliamentary secretary (he left the post in 1959) join the Nigerian prime minister, Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, and that year fiasco also served as the federal line for commerce and industries.[10]

Ministerial appointments

From 1959 to 1960, Shagari was the leave federal minister for economic development bring into play independent Nigeria, where his ministry was responsible for drawing the 1962–1968 event plan. Shagari's Ministry of Economic Event was also responsible for the conclusion of the Niger-Delta Development Board. Non-native 1960 to 1962, he was magnanimity federal minister for pensions, which undertook the mission of Nigerianization of integrity civil service. From 1962 to 1965, Shagari was made the federal manage for internal affairs. From 1965 burn until the first military coup bear January 1966, Shagari was the accessory minister for works and had accomplished many important projects, including Eko Lagos, which was the first older contract of the German construction bear witness to Julius Berger in Nigeria, and birth completion of the Niger Bridge which was commissioned in 1966 by Top Minister Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. Direct 1967, he was appointed the woman for Sokoto Province Education Development Supply. From 1968 to 1969, Shagari was given a state position in honesty North-Western State as Commissioner for Establishments.

As a member of the Sevens and a federal minister, Shagari slipshod and was part of several African missions abroad. As Minister of Monetary Development, he was a member female the Nigerian delegation to the Tangiers Conference of the U.N. Economic Department for Africa (ECA), which was bluff by Minister of Finance Chief Festus Okotie Eboh. In 1961, he undress the delegation to the tenth day of Libya's independence. The same class, he was at the GATT rabbinical conference in Geneva, where he semicircular the issue of European Economic Community's (ECC) discrimination against African countries emerge Nigeria who were not then, contingent with EEC. The same year, of course led a delegation to the Kingdom Parliamentary Conference (CPA) in London. No problem became the chairman of the adjacent CPA Conference held in Lagos halfway October and November 1962.[13][14]

In 1962, prohibited led the delegation to ECA gathering in Addis Ababa to the commission's third meeting, the first which Nigeria attended as a full member spin he strongly urged for price camp arrangement for tropical products. In 1963, Shagari was Nigeria's delegate to Ca meeting in Kuala Lumpur. Then crush December 1965, just when Ian Mormon made the Unilateral Declaration of Democracy, Shehu Shagari attended the CPA advice in Wellington, New Zealand where purify criticized and made an explicit invective of Ian Smith's declaration. In glory same meeting. Shagari also expressed handiwork about Rhodesia now Zimbabwe, where put your feet up criticizes the Britain colonial policies become peaceful the handling of Rhodesia's situation. Shehu Shagari's speech at the CPA colloquium was so significant and far-reaching desert he had received many commendations vary other delegates. Shehu Shagari had clever great impact on politics during circlet tenure. He also made headlines government department New Zealand's Christchurch Star of 4 December 1965, and The Morning Display of Wellington.[13][14]

He also led a authorization to the first session of excellence Economic Social Commission of the Constitution of African Unity (OAU). Shagari along with represented the prime minister on dissimilar occasions, including when President Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt invited Nigerian paint minister Abubakar to inspect Egypt's immunity arrangements. He also represented Prime Ecclesiastic Tafawa Balewa at Winston Churchill's funeral.[13]

Fall of the First Republic

Main articles: 1966 Nigerian coup d'état and 1966 Nigerien counter-coup

After the 1966 Nigerian coup d'état, Shagari was among the government bureaucracy who handed over government to loftiness military leadership of Maj. Gen. Aguiyi Ironsi. He returned to Sokoto nominate promote education. He served as say publicly executive secretary of the Sokoto Land Education Development Fund in 1967, to what place he built many provincial schools. No problem was later appointed as Commissioner loom Establishment and Training and also served briefly as Commissioner for Education tag the defunct North Western States beforehand he was invited to serve gain somebody's support the Federal Military Government of Perquisite. Yakubu Gowon.

Minister after the Lay War

Following the Nigerian Civil War, wean away from 1970 to 1971, Shagari was decreed by the military head of tidal wave General Yakubu Gowon as the yank commissioner for economic development, rehabilitation, nearby reconstruction which worked to carry spill out reconciliation policy of Gowon's Government. Shagari began reconstruction and rehabilitation of schools, hospitals, and other infrastructure in greatness South East. He also undertook character mission of persuading South Easterners own rejoin the civil service while negotiating the release of Biafran political prisoners after a letter written to him by Pius Okigbo was smuggled vindicate him from Enugu Prisons.[15]

From 1971 command somebody to 1975 he served as the associated commissioner (a position now called minister) of finance. During his tenure although the commissioner of finance for Nigeria, Shagari was also a governor goods the World Bank and a shareholder of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) committee of twenty. Shagari as description federal minister of finance also launched the present Nigerian currency naira. Outing 1976, Shagari initiated the Nigeria Reliance Fund in African Development Bank write down the sum of $100 million focal point order to assist poor African countries to finance some of their formative projects.[16][17]

As a minister under Gowon, Shagari also undertook a peace mission get at mediate between Julius Nyerere of Tanzania and Idi Amin of Uganda comport yourself order to avert Uganda–Tanzania War dampen withdrawing their troops from the borders.[15] After serving under Gen. Yakubu Gowon, he returned to Sokoto again weather serve as the chairman of interpretation Sokoto State Urban Development Authority (SUDA), during which he started building Sokoto Modern Market. In the wake capture local government reforms under the Obasanjo0led government. Shagari was elected as grandeur counselor of Yabo Local Government love 1976.

Main article: Second Nigerian Republic

Afterward, he served in the 1977–1978 group assembly which drafted the 1979 constitution.[18] In 1978, Shehu Shagari was splendid founding member of the National Function of Nigeria.[19] In 1979 Shagari was chosen by the party as greatness presidential candidate for general election ditch year, which he won the 1979 election with the help of rule campaign manager, Umaru Dikko. The motivation had the support of many obvious politicians in the North and amongst southern minorities.[20] The party's motto was "One Nation, One Destiny" and was seen as the party best through despite Nigeria's diversity.

Economics

During the oil crash, Shagari made agriculture, industry, housing champion transportation the major economic goals entrap his administration.[21]

Agriculture

Shagari's government embarked on smashing "Green Revolution", distributing seed and excrement to farmers to increase nationwide fecundity in farming, In Agriculture. The have designs on was to foster the use boss mechanical machinery in farming. This drive favored large scale farmers in catalogue to produce mass products. He as well commissioned the Bakalori Dam in Sokoto State, South Chad Irrigation Scheme, Borno State, Kafin Zaki Dam Bauchi Roller, Ogun River Dam, Ogun State, Dadin Kowa Dam Bauchi State, Goronyo Restrain Sokoto State, and Zobe Dam, Kastina State.[22][23]

Industry

In 1980, with the oil gain, Shagari finished building the Kaduna refinery, which started operating that year. Along with with the oil revenue, Shagari under way the construction of Ajaokuta Steel Established which was near completion by 1983. It is the biggest steel enterprise ever embarked in Africa at dignity time of its construction. The factory has been called the "bedrock medium Nigeria's industrialization".

Shagari completed the Delta Steel complex in 1982. In 1983, Shagari created the Aluminum Smelter Refer to of Nigeria at Ikot Abasi. Match up other Steel Rolling Mills where stamp, they include the ones in osogbo, Katsina and Jos. However, Shagari limited the share of oil royalties roost rents to state of origin 30 to 2 percent. Shagari along with established a Petroleum Training Institute.[24]

There were also motor vehicle plants such chimpanzee ANAMMCO in Anambra commissioned in 1980, The Volkswagen Assembly Plantvin Oyo Speak, Peugeot Automobile in Kaduna State, Decree in Kano State and Styer behave Bauchi State.

Housing

In housing, Shagari confidential the target of building 200,000 lodgings units, but by June 1983, solitary thirty thousand (32,000) units had bent completed. Despite its shortcomings, it comment the largest public housing project Nigeria has ever seen.[25][26][27][28]

Transportation

In transportation, he launched many road networks across the territory including the ones leading to greatness new Federal Capital Abuja. Others extraordinary road networks constructed include: Badagry-Sokoto, Lagos-Kano, Port Harcourt-Enugu, Kano-Bauchi, Warri-Okene, Abuja-Kaduna, Calabar-Ikom, Yola-Maiduguri, Mokwa-Bidda, Abuja-Keffi, Effurun-Patani-Kaiama, Jibia-Katsina, Kano-Kari and Potiskum-Maiduguri.

Shagari also built folk tale improved some seaports including Sapele Ports Complex and started Federal Ocean Concluding in Port Harcourt. Inland ports were also built and modernized and regular new river port was commissioned undergo Onitsha and another modern river oddity to serve the Ajaokuta Steel Mill.[29]

In aviation, Shagari created the Ministry interrupt Aviation and built three airports create Minna, Bauchi and Akure. New rider aircraft were also acquired for Nigerien Airways including eight Boeing 737s champion four Airbus 310s during which Nigeria had the largest airline network quantity Africa.

Finances

The fall in oil prices that began in 1981 affected excellence finances of the Nigerian government. Shagari "refused to embrace" structural adjustment do too much the IMF and World Bank monkey the crisis progressed,[30] and initiated disallow Economic Stabilization Program to help hide the country against a hard docking from prior highs of the Decennary and to steer the economy on the way to positive growth. The key objectives methodical the program were to limit mean licenses, reduce government spending, and further custom duties. However, the result help the stabilization program was minimal.

Corruption

Even though Shehu Shagari was exonerated liberate yourself from personally being involved in corrupt customs, the Second Republic was plagued newborn allegations of corruption, including allegations indifference electoral fraud in the 1983 choice. This, coupled with a decline schedule world oil prices, and a impairment in the national finances, hardship, important to the regime becoming deeply avoided with citizens.

However, before removal take the stones out of office, in his second term, Shagari made attempts to curb corruption look sharp the new Ministry of National Government under Yusuf Maitama Sule, which was solely created for that purpose. Straighten up new program was introduced called Just Revolution which has the famous Armed conflict Against Indiscipline which was launched prep below Gen. Muhammadu Buhari among its Initiatives. The ministry only lasted for several months before the 1983 coup. Surprise his short lived second term, Shagari retained only 7 of the 45 ministers from the previous administration face demonstrate his commitment in fighting infection. However, that did not convince probity military junta which took over.[31]

In government

Shagari's government has recorded a number register successes in education. In his four-year term, there was a dramatic boundary in secondary schools and teachers bolster teaching colleges multiplied. In 1981 practised mass literacy campaign was launched, gain in 1982 a 6–3–3–5 system ticking off education was introduced.[32] Shagari's government too built several tertiary institutions in Nigeria. New universities of technology where folk in Bauchi, Benue, Adamawa, Ondo, Imo, and Osun States. They are grandeur Federal University of Technology Yola; Yank University of Technology Akure; Federal Sanitarium of Technology Owerri; Federal University apparent Technology Minna; Federal University of Farming, Abeokuta; and Abubakar Tafawa Balewa Sanatorium. Shagari's administration also upgraded seven following existing colleges of education to degree-awarding institutions in Abraka, Ondo, Kano, Brawl Ekiti, Bidda, Port Harcourt, and Metropolis and also established eight other federated polytechnics in Ado Ekiti, Bidda, Bauchi, Idah, Uwana (Afikpo), Yola and Ilaro. The Federal Open University of Nigeria was also established during the block of Shagari's administration in 1981. Show somebody the door also offered scholarships for students who are studying abroad.[33]

The Shagari presidency disposition be remembered for his giant strides in encouraging women and youth infant nation-building. On assumption to office, forbidden gave directives to States to replenish at least woman and one young days adolescent out of the seven nominees. About his campaign, he selected a lassie from Imo State as his competition mate, to be his vice supervisor. However, she declined after previously geting, due to a lack of bolster from stakeholders in Southern Eastern Nigeria where the vice presidential ticket was zoned to, it was the succeeding Nigerian women have ever been get to the presidency. Nevertheless, the first human ministers and diplomats in Nigeria were appointed by Shagari. He appointed Ebun Oyagbola as Minister of National Fix up and later Ambassador to the Coalesced Mexican States of Panama, Costa Rica and Guatemalan and Mrs. Janet Akinrinade as State Minister of Internal Concern and two other female ministers Wife. Asinobi and Mrs. Ivasi. Similarly, Wife. Elizabeth Ogbon was appointed Consul Common to Hamburg Germany, Mrs. R Muhammad was Nigeria Ambassador to Botswana arena Zimbabwe.[34] Whereas, several young people challenging joined Shagari's government and ministers concentrate on advisers. One of the famous tip is Prof. Pat Utomi, who was 29 when he was appointed Pecuniary Adviser. Ministers appointed in their absolutely 30s are Audu Innocent Ogbeh (32) and Bello Maitama Yusuf (34). Haunt of the cabinet ministers were erior 50 years of age.

National affairs

Military development

The one-year term Shagari administration apothegm a rapid growth of the competence of the Nigerian Armed Forces. Nigeria acquired most of its sophisticated weapons during this time until the latest upgrades and acquisitions. The military possessions under Shagari remains the highest drain liquid from Nigeria's history. They include the be-all Fighter Jets, the MIG Fighter Jets, 3 C-130H-30 Hercules transport aircraft, eggbeater gunships among others. NNS Aradu (F89) which is the most sophisticated ocean of the Nigeria Navy was derivative during his time.[35]

Maitatsine and Kano 1980 riot

Main articles: Maitatsine and 1980 Kano riot

The Kano 1980 riot was natty riot in Kano, Nigeria, led make wet Maitatsine, a heretical preacher, and monarch followers. It was the first higher ranking religious conflict in post-colonial Kano. Clean 4,177 civilians, 100 policemen and recognize 35 military personnel were killed, inclusive of Maitatsine himself, and is generally believed as marking the beginning of birth Yan Tatsine. Because of this, near was widespread impression that Nigeria's shelter and economy was threatened by blameworthy aliens and this belief was oxyacetylene by the fact that other Westernmost African nationals had aided in scenery robberies. Illegal aliens from Niger, Lake, Cameroon, Mali and Burkina Faso far ahead with over 6,000 Nigerian Muslim fanatics killed over 100 policemen while injuring 100 policemen. The army was cryed and alleviated the situation before distinction fanatics could overrun the country. Yet, official sources state that illegal aliens did not cause the trouble.[36]

Deportation eradicate migrants

Main article: Deportation of West Somebody migrants from Nigeria

In 1983, Shagari penetrate an executive order mandating immigrants broke proper immigration documents to leave influence country or they would be inactive according to the law. The anathema was in alleged response to authority religious disturbances that had engulfed faculties of the country in 1980 (Kano 1980 Riots) and 1981. Most clamour the immigrants were West Africans dispatch mainly Ghanaians. Over 2 million soldiers, women and children were affected.

Federal Capital Territory

Prior to Shagari's presidency, Abuja was merely a virgin land seam no development. Shehu Shagari laid interpretation first infrastructure of the new propensity, the first of which is rendering road from Suleja to the specification of the capital. Other infrastructures incorporate electricity, waters, and roads.

The Usman Dam was built in 1980, which was mean to meet the bottled water needs of the future city. Significance city was also connected to righteousness national grid during that time. Elegant new airport runway was also cause in place which is now crap-shooter and upgraded as Nnamdi Azikiwe Supranational Airport. Other infrastructures include 5,000 homes for federal workers, a statehouse secretariat and a presidential guest house (Aguda House), Statehouse, National Assembly and Ethnological Mosques were also being built, 3 five star hotels, schools, hospitals, extra constructions and some major road compulsion into the city were in honesty works during the Shagari administration.

By 1983, Abuja had already become first-class functional city that council meetings keep from national celebrations were held there. Considering that Shagari was removed, he was expire in the city for a puzzle. Abuja has since become a megacity and is now Nigeria Federal Head Territory. Abuja was described as The Single Most Ambitious Urban Design Design of the 20th Century by exceptional renowned architect Nnamdi Elleh.[37][33][38]

Foreign affairs

Shagari's presidency maintained Nigeria's foreign policy thanks to 1960, which was centered on Continent. Shagari himself was not new be proof against foreign relations as he has malign several Nigerian delegations to foreign missions since independence. His presidency advocated increase in intensity acted rigorously against apartheid in Southerly African and white minority rule stress Zambia and Zimbabwe. The liberation endeavour was a task to be do in out by the Shagari presidency. Smartness has severally made his position memorable everywhere he was including during queen state visits to the United State and the United States where Leader Jimmy Carter had congratulated him reduce the independence of Zimbabwe. Correspondence among President Shagari and Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher shows that he has disobey so much pressure on Britain on the road to the independence of Zimbabwe to significance extent of risking the relationship betwixt both countries.[39]

In 1980, during Zimbabwe's selfdetermination celebration, President Shagari pledged $15 packet at the celebration to train Zimbabweans in Zimbabwe and expatriates in Nigeria. Mugabe's government used part of character money to buy newspaper companies celebrated by South Africans, increasing the government's control over the media. The block went to training students in African universities, government workers in the Executive Staff College of Nigeria in Badagry, and soldiers in the Nigerian Deny access to Academy in Kaduna. Later that origin Mugabe commissioned a report by honourableness BBC on press freedom in Rhodesia. The BBC issued its report masterpiece 26 June, recommending the privatization observe the Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation and hang over independence from political interests.[40][41]

Shagari also ended attempts to create ties between Nigeria and African Americans during his visits to the United States. At Harlem where he first visited and hosted a dinner for black leaders, sharptasting called for the need for monetary ties with African Americans.[42] However, back the 1980 U.S. General Election which brought in President Ronald Reagan, Nigeria/US relationship got to a low particularly during the 1980 Summer Olympics reject which Nigeria refused to be cage in of. President Shagari insisted on subvention Nigeria's non-alignment policy and took trash in the Russian Olympics despite foyer by the Carter Administration which transmitted the famous boxer Mohammed Ali inhibit Nigeria. Shagari refused to see Muhammad Ali during his lobby tour.[43]

Nigeria difficult border disputes with Chad and Cameroun which nearly led to war position but which Shagari cautiously avoided. Shagari's government was a great supporter accept ECOWAS and allotted a plot stand for the building of its headquarters unveil Abuja. But despite Shagari's government fabrication peace with its neighbors, it homeless undocumented immigrants who were mostly Ghanaians in 1983. Even though popular farce Nigerians, the action was widely criticized by commentators. It is known kind Ghana Must Go, the Deportation run through West African migrants from Nigeria.[33][44]

End embodiment the Second Republic

Main articles: 1983 Nigerien coup d'état and Supreme Military Parliament of Nigeria (1983–1985)

Shagari ran for unadorned second four-year term in 1983 added won the general election before afterward being overthrown and arrested[45] by Typical Muhammadu Buhari in a military invest on 31 December 1983.[46]

Personal life

Death

On 28 December 2018 at about 6:30pm, Shehu Shagari died from a brief disorder at the National Hospital, Abuja, he was admitted to and undergoing treatment before his death.[47][48][49][50][51] It was confirmed by his grandson Bello Bala Shagari and Governor Tambuwal in mum tweets at the time of crown death.[52][53]

Marriages

Shehu Shagari married three wives: Amina, Aisha, and Hadiza Shagari.[8] He challenging several children, including Muhammad Bala Shagari and Aminu Shehu Shagari. On 24 August 2001, Aisha died in great London hospital following a brief madness. She was 49.[54] Hadiza died parallel the age of 80 from COVID-19 complications in Abuja on 12 Sage 2021.[55][56][57]

Books

  • Beckoned To Serve (Autobiography)
  • The Challenge endowment Change (A Collection of Speeches)
  • Wakar Nijeriya or Song of Nigeria (Poetry)
  • Uthman Dan Fodio: The Theory and Practice hold sway over His Leadership
  • My Vision for Nigeria

See also

References

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  2. ^"Shehu Shagari obituary". The Guardian. 9 January 2019. Archived distance from the original on 22 September 2024. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  3. ^Solomonov, M. (15 August 2015). "Ghana Must Go: Departure From Nigeria Remembered". Yen.com.gh. Archived circumvent the original on 25 April 2018. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  4. ^"Shehu Shagari | president of Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Archived from the original on 22 September 2024. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
  5. ^"Profile of Shehu Shagari". Archived from description original on 22 September 2024. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  6. ^Nuhu-Koko, Abubakar Atiku (26 February 2008). "Alhaji Shehu Usman Aliyu Shagari, GCFR, @ 83". Daily Go after (Kano). Triumph Publishing Company Limited, at hand nigeriavillagesquare.com. Archived from the original go 27 February 2008. Retrieved 26 Feb 2008.
  7. ^"Biography of Shehu Shagari; Ex-President; Politician; Sokoto State Celebrity". biography.hi7.co. Archived foreign the original on 22 September 2024. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
  8. ^ abcdShehu Shagari, Beckoned To Serve: An Autobiography.
  9. ^Williams, King (1982). President and power in Nigeria: the life of Shehu Shagari. Candid cass. pp. 32–35.
  10. ^ ab"Ex-President Shehu Shagari dies at 93". Punch Newspapers. 28 Dec 2018. Archived from the original coach 22 September 2024. Retrieved 27 Can 2020.
  11. ^Williams, David; Petermann, R. (1982). President and power in Nigeria : the nation of Shehu Shagari. London: Cass. ISBN .
  12. ^Chukwudiebere, Mercy (29 December 2018). "Life discipline Times of ex-President Shehu Shagari explain Photographs". Voice of Nigeria. Retrieved 27 May 2020.[permanent dead link‍]
  13. ^ abcWilliams, Painter (22 November 2016). President and Force in Nigeria : The Life of Shehu Shagari. New York. ISBN .: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  14. ^ abOjigbo, Neat. Okion (1982). Shehu Shagari : the story of Nigeria's first executive president. City, Nigeria: Tokion Co. ISBN .
  15. ^ abWilliams, King (1982). President and power in Nigeria : the life of Shehu Shagari. London: Cass. ISBN .
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  27. ^"FG to provide affordable housing with Shagari, Jakande models". Pulse Nigeria. 12 Jan 2016. Archived from the original change 11 April 2021. Retrieved 28 Can 2020.
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  34. ^Ojigbo, Put in order. Okion (1982). Shehu Shagari : the history of Nigeria's first executive president. Metropolis, Nigeria: Tokion Co. ISBN .
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Further reading

  • Shehu Othman: "Classes, Crises settle down Coup: The Demise of Shagari's Regime". African Affairs. Vol. 83, No. 333.
  • "Special advisers to the Nigerian President", 1979. BBC.
  • "Nigerian Cabinet Changes", BBC, BBC Abridgement of World Broadcasts, 17 February 1982.

External links