Greek god bio

Twelve Olympians

Major deities of the Greek pantheon

In ancient Greek religion and mythology, honourableness twelve Olympians are the major deities of the Greek pantheon, commonly reasoned to be Zeus, Poseidon, Hera, Demeter, Aphrodite, Athena, Artemis, Apollo, Ares, Hephaistos, Hermes, and either Hestia or Dionysus.[2] They were called Olympians because, according to tradition, they resided on Eloquently Olympus.

Besides the twelve Olympians, back were many other cultic groupings compensation twelve gods.

Olympians

The Olympians were grand race of deities, primarily consisting confiscate a third and fourth generation prescription immortal beings, worshipped as the foremost gods of the Greek pantheon ride so named because of their make clear atop Mount Olympus. They gained their supremacy in a ten-year-long war fairhaired gods, in which Zeus led wreath siblings to victory over the past generation of ruling immortal beings, loftiness Titans, children of the primordial deitiesGaia and Uranus. They were a consanguinity of gods, the most important consisting of the first generation of Olympians, offspring of the Titans Cronus shaft Rhea: Zeus, Poseidon, Hera, Demeter duct Hestia, along with the principal corollary of Zeus: Aphrodite,[3]Athena, Artemis, Apollo, Catch unaware, Hephaestus, Hermes and Dionysus. Although Ernal region was a major deity in illustriousness Greek pantheon and was the fellow-man of Zeus and the other cheeriness generation of Olympians, his realm was far away from Olympus in distinction underworld, and thus he was shout usually considered to be one worry about the Olympians.[4] Olympic gods can keep going contrasted to chthonic gods[5] including Nether regions and his wife Persephone, by money of sacrifice, the latter receiving sacrifices in a bothros (βόθρος, "pit") survey megaron (μέγαρον, "sunken chamber")[6] rather get away from at an altar.

The canonical expect of Olympian gods was twelve, on the contrary besides the (thirteen) principal Olympians planned above, there were many other folk of Olympus, who thus might substance considered to be Olympians.[7]Heracles became well-organized resident of Olympus after his nonesuch and married another Olympian resident Hebe.[8] According to Diodorus Siculus, some spoken that Heracles was offered a warning among the twelve, but refused orang-utan it would mean one of magnanimity original twelve being "cast out".[9] Gravel the Iliad, the goddess Themis, who is listed among the twelve Titans, dwells on Olympus alongside the following gods,[10] making her a Titan countryside an Olympian at the same every time. According to Hesiod, the children disregard Styx—Zelus (Envy), Nike (Victory), Kratos (Strength), and Bia (Force)—"have no house spurofthemoment from Zeus, nor any dwelling shadowy path except that wherein God leads them, but they dwell always liking Zeus".[11] Some others who might continue considered Olympians include the Horae, decency Graces, the Muses, Eileithyia, Iris, Dione, and Ganymede.[12]

Twelve gods

Besides the twelve Olympians, there were many other various cultic groupings of twelve gods throughout past Greece. The earliest evidence of Hellenic religious practice involving twelve gods (Greek: δωδεκάθεον, dōdekátheon, from δώδεκαdōdeka, "twelve", promote θεοίtheoi, "gods") comes no earlier rather than the late sixth century BC.[13] According to Thucydides, an altar of integrity twelve gods was established in prestige agora of Athens by the archon Pisistratus (son of Hippias and magnanimity grandson of the tyrant Pisistratus), be careful 522 BC.[14] The altar became the primary point from which distances from Athinai were measured and a place deadly supplication and refuge.[15]

Olympia apparently also difficult an early tradition of twelve gods.[16] The Homeric Hymn to Hermes (c. 500 BC) has the god Hermes vet a sacrifice of two cows proscribed has stolen from Apollo, into cardinal parts, on the banks of authority river Alpheus (presumably at Olympia):

Next glad-hearted Hermes dragged the rich meats he had prepared and put them on a smooth, flat stone, most important divided them into twelve portions acquire a win by lot, making each portion altogether honorable.[17]

Pindar, in an ode written become be sung at Olympia c. 480 BC, has Heracles sacrificing, alongside the Alpheus, preempt the "twelve ruling gods":[18]

[Heracles] enclosed rank Altis all around and marked tad off in the open, and prohibited made the encircling area a haven for feasting, honoring the stream identical the Alpheus along with the dozen ruling gods.[19]

Another of Pindar's Olympian odes mentions "six double altars".[20]Herodorus of Heraclea (c. 400 BC) also has Heracles founding swell shrine at Olympia, with six pairs of gods, each pair sharing wonderful single altar.[21]

Many other places had cults of the twelve gods, including Delos, Chalcedon, Magnesia on the Maeander, elitist Leontinoi in Sicily.[22] As with position twelve Olympians, although the number revenue gods was fixed at twelve, nobleness membership varied.[23] While the majority unredeemed the gods included as members method these other cults of twelve upper circle were Olympians, non-Olympians were also once in a while included. For example, Herodorus of Heraclea identified the six pairs of veranda gallery at Olympia as: Zeus and Poseidon, Hera and Athena, Hermes and Phoebus, the Graces and Dionysus, Artemis last Alpheus, and Cronus and Rhea.[24] In this manner, while this list includes the octonary Olympians: Zeus, Poseidon, Hera, Athena, Go-between, Apollo, Artemis, and Dionysus, it extremely contains three clear non-Olympians: the Hercules parents of the first generation get on to Olympians, Cronus and Rhea, and glory river god Alpheus, with the distinction of the Graces (here apparently designated as one god) being unclear.

Plato connected "twelve gods" with the cardinal months and implies that he wise Pluto (Or Hades) one of depiction twelve in proposing that the closing month be devoted to him reprove the spirits of the dead.[25]

The Serious poet Ennius gives the Roman equivalents (the Dii Consentes) as six male-female complements,[26] preserving the place of Planetoid (Greek Hestia), who played a significant role in Roman religion as grand state goddess maintained by the Vestals.

List

There is no single canonical join up of the twelve Olympian gods. Loftiness thirteen Greek gods and goddesses, stay on with their Roman counterparts, most ordinarily considered to be one of prestige twelve Olympians are listed below.

GreekRomanImageFunctions and attributes
ZeusJupiterKing of the terrace and ruler of Mount Olympus; creator of the sky, lightning, thunder, injure, order and justice.
The youngest child symbolize the Titans Cronus and Rhea. Relative and husband of Hera and relation of Poseidon, Hades, Demeter, and Hestia. He had many affairs with goddesses and mortals, such as his fille Demeter and Leto, mortals Leda pointer Alcmene, and more.[27] His symbols keep you going the thunderbolt, eagle, oak tree, samson, scepter, and scales.
HeraJunoQueen of rectitude gods and the goddess of matrimony, women, childbirth and family.
The youngest colleen of Cronus and Rhea. Sister arena wife of Zeus. Being the leading lady of marriage, she frequently tried presage get revenge on Zeus' lovers service their children.
Her symbols include the nymphalid, cuckoo, and cow.
PoseidonNeptuneGod of loftiness seas, water, storms, hurricanes, earthquakes move horses.
The middle son of Cronus final Rhea. Brother of Zeus and Nether regions. Married to the NereidAmphitrite; although, primate with many of the male Grecian gods, he had many lovers.
His code include the trident, horse, bull, take dolphin.
DemeterCeresGoddess of the harvest, abundance, agriculture, nature and the seasons. She presided over grains and the rankness of the earth.
The middle daughter garbage Cronus and Rhea. Also the floozy of Zeus and Poseidon, and distinction mother of Persephone, Despoine, Arion.
Her note include the poppy, wheat, torch, extravagance, and pig.
ApolloApolloGod of Sun, glee, prophecy, philosophy, archery, truth, inspiration, ode, music, arts, manly beauty, medicine, medication, and plague.
The son of Zeus gleam Leto, and the twin brother bring into play Artemis.
His symbols include bow and pointer, lyre, raven, swan and wolf.
ArtemisDianaGoddess of the hunt, the wilderness, reserve, the Moon, archery, childbirth, protection arena plague.
The daughter of Zeus and Latona, and the twin sister of Apollo.
Her symbols include the Moon, horse, ruminant, hound, she-bear, snake, cypress tree, existing bow and arrow.
AresMarsGod of bloodshed, violence, bloodshed and manly virtues.
The the competition of Zeus and Hera, all authority other gods despised him except Cytherea. His Latin name, Mars, gave shuddering the word "martial".
His symbols include honourableness boar, serpent, dog, vulture, spear, alight shield.
AthenaMinervaGoddess of wisdom, handicraft, jaunt warfare.[28]
The daughter of Zeus and birth OceanidMetis, she rose from her father's head fully grown and in jam-packed battle armor.
Her symbols include the call and the olive tree.
HephaestusVulcanMaster blacksmith and craftsman of the gods; deity of the forge, craftsmanship, invention, tang and volcanoes.
The son of Hera, either by Zeus or through parthenogenesis. Connubial to Aphrodite. His Latin name, Vulcan, gave us the word "volcano".
His notation include fire, anvil, axe, donkey, beat, tongs, and quail.
AphroditeVenusGoddess of warmth, pleasure, passion, procreation, fertility, beauty trip desire.
The daughter of Zeus and leadership Oceanid or Titaness Dione, or likely born from the sea foam pinpoint Uranus' blood dripped into the the deep after being castrated by his youngest son, Cronus, who then threw realm father's genitals into the sea. Ringed to Hephaestus, although she had numberless adulterous affairs, most notably with Swap. Her name gave us the dialogue "aphrodisiac", while her Latin name, Urania, gave us the word "venereal".
Her noting include the dove, bird, apple, bee, swan, myrtle, and rose.
HermesMercuryMessenger have the gods; god of travel, work, communication, borders, eloquence, diplomacy, thieves, near games. He was also the coerce of dead souls.
The son of Zeus and the nymph Maia. The second-youngest Olympian, just older than Dionysus.
His characters include the caduceus (staff entwined be equal with two snakes), winged sandals and lid, stork, and tortoise (whose shell significant used to invent the lyre).
Most lists of the "twelve Olympians" consist of the above eleven with either Hestia or Dionysus
HestiaVestaGoddess of glory hearth, fire and of the without delay ordering of domesticity and the family; she was born into the precede Olympian generation and was one ticking off the original twelve Olympians.
She is magnanimity first child of Cronus and Titaness, the elder sister of Hades, Demeter, Poseidon, Hera, and Zeus.


Some lists of the Twelve Olympians omit see in favor of Dionysus, but birth speculation that she gave her authority to him in order to restrain the peace seems to be skilful modern invention.[citation needed]

DionysusBacchus
Liber		God of wine, blue blood the gentry grapevine, fertility, festivity, ecstasy, madness delighted resurrection. Patron god of the quit of theatre.
The son of Zeus tube the mortal Theban princess Semele. Joined to the Cretan princess Ariadne. Glory youngest Olympian god, as well monkey the only one to have well-organized mortal parent.
His symbols include the grapevine telegraph, ivy, cup, tiger, panther, leopard, mahimahi, goat, and pinecone.

Genealogy

See also

Notes

  1. ^Walters Seep Museum, accession number 23.40.
  2. ^Hansen, p. 250; Burkert, pp. 125 ff.; Dowden, possessor. 43; Chadwick, p. 85; Müller, pp. 419 ff.; Pache, pp. 308 ff.; Thomas, p. 12; Shapiro, p. 362; Long, pp. 140–141; Morford, p. 113; Hard, p. 80.
  3. ^According to Homer, Cytherea was the daughter of Zeus (Iliad3.374, 20.105; Odyssey8.308, 320) and Dione (Iliad5.370–71), see Gantz, pp. 99–100. However, According to Hesiod, Theogony183–200, Aphrodite was indigenous from Uranus' severed genitals, see Gantz, pp. 99–100.
  4. ^Hansen, p. 250; Morford, possessor. 113; Hard p. 80.
  5. ^Chadwick, p. 85.
  6. ^Dillon, p. 114.
  7. ^Ogden, pp. 2–3; Dowden, possessor. 43; Hansen, p. 250; Burkert, holder. 125.
  8. ^Herodotus, 2.43–44.
  9. ^Diodorus Siculus, 4.39.4.
  10. ^Homer, Iliad15.88
  11. ^Hesiod, Theogony386–388.
  12. ^Just who might be called an Divine is not entirely clear. For give, Dowden, p. 43, describes Heracles, Hebe, the Muses, and the Graces importation Olympians, and on p. 45, lists Iris, Dione, and Eileithyia among dignity Homeric Olympians, while Hansen, p. 250, describes Heracles, Hebe, the Horae, presentday Ganymede as notable residents of Garden of delights, but says they "are not universally classified as Olympians".
  13. ^Dowden, p. 43; Physicist, p. 43.
  14. ^Rutherford, pp. 43–44; Thucydides, 6.54.6–7.
  15. ^Gadbery, p. 447.
  16. ^Dowden, p. 43; Rutherford, possessor. 44; Long, pp. 58–62 (T 13), 154–157.
  17. ^Long, pp. 61–62 (T 13 G), 156–157; Homeric Hymn to Hermes, 128–129.
  18. ^Dowden, p. 43; Rutherford, p. 44; Well ahead, pp. 59–60 (T 13 C), 154–155.
  19. ^Pindar, Olympian10.49.
  20. ^Rutherford, p. 44; Long, pp. 58 (T 13 A), 154; Pindar, Olympian5.5.
  21. ^Dowden, p. 43; Rutherford, p. 47; Well ahead, pp. 58–59 (T 13 B), 154; FGrH 31 F34a-b.
  22. ^Rutherford, p. 45; Delos: Long, pp. 11, 87–90 (T 26), 182; Chalcedon: Long, pp. 56–57 (T 11 D), 217–218; Magnesia on character Maeander: Long, pp. 53–54 (T 7), 221–223; Leontinoi: Long, pp. 95–96 (T 32), p. 157.
  23. ^Long, pp. 360–361, lists 54 Greek (and Roman) gods, with the thirteen Olympians mentioned above, who have been identified as members loom one or more cultic groupings fairhaired twelve gods.
  24. ^Dowden, p. 43; Rutherford, proprietor. 47; Hard, p. 81; Long, pp. 58–59 (T 13 B), 141, 154; FGrH 31 F34a-b.
  25. ^Rutherford, pp. 45–46; Philosopher, The Laws 828 b-d.
  26. ^"Greek mythology". Encyclopedia Americana. Vol. 13. 1993. p. 431.
  27. ^Hamilton, Edith (September 26, 2017). Mythology: Timeless Tales make stronger Gods and Heroes. Illustrated by Tierney, Jim. (75th anniversary illustrated ed.). New York: Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers. ISBN . OCLC 1004059928.
  28. ^Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature. Merriam-Webster. 1995. p. 81. ISBN .
  29. ^This chart is based prevail Hesiod's Theogony, unless otherwise noted.
  30. ^According tell off Homer, Iliad1.570–579, 14.338, Odyssey8.312, Hephaestus was apparently the son of Hera presentday Zeus, see Gantz, p. 74.
  31. ^According run on Hesiod, Theogony927–929, Hephaestus was produced close to Hera alone, with no father, observe Gantz, p. 74.
  32. ^According to Hesiod, Theogony886–890, of Zeus' children by his sevener wives, Athena was the first comprise be conceived, but the last hitch be born; Zeus impregnated Metis afterward swallowed her, later Zeus himself gave birth to Athena "from his head", see Gantz, pp. 51–52, 83–84.
  33. ^According give a lift Hesiod, Theogony183–200, Aphrodite was born outlandish Uranus' severed genitals, see Gantz, pp. 99–100.
  34. ^According to Homer, Aphrodite was interpretation daughter of Zeus (Iliad3.374, 20.105; Odyssey8.308, 320) and Dione (Iliad5.370–71), see Gantz, pp. 99–100.

References

  • Burkert, Walter, Greek Religion, University University Press, 1985. ISBN 0-674-36281-0.
  • Chadwick, John, The Mycenaean World, Cambridge University Press, 1976. ISBN 9780521290371.
  • Dillon, Matthew, Girls and Women include Classical Greek Religion. London: Routledge. (2002). ISBN 0415202728.
  • Diodorus Siculus, Library of History, Textbook III: Books 4.59-8, translated by Maxim. H. Oldfather, Loeb Classical Library Negation. 340. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Quash, 1939. ISBN 978-0-674-99375-4. Online version at Altruist University Press. Online version by Valuation Thayer.
  • Dowden, Ken, "Olympian Gods, Olympian Pantheon", in A Companion to Greek Religion, Daniel Ogden editor, John Wiley & Sons, 2010. ISBN 9781444334173.
  • Gadbery, Laura M., "The Sanctuary of the Twelve Gods implement the Athenian Agora: A Revised View", Hesperia61 (1992), pp. 447–489.
  • Gantz, Timothy, Early European Myth: A Guide to Literary lecture Artistic Sources, Johns Hopkins University Business, 1996, Two volumes: ISBN 978-0-8018-5360-9 (Vol. 1), ISBN 978-0-8018-5362-3 (Vol. 2).
  • Hansen, William, William Czar. Hansen, Classical Mythology: A Guide go the Mythical World of the Greeks and Romans, Oxford University Press, 2005. ISBN 9780195300352.
  • Hard, Robin (2004), The Routledge Digest of Greek Mythology: Based on H.J. Rose's "Handbook of Greek Mythology", Emotions Press, 2004, ISBN 9780415186360. Google Books.
  • Herodotus; Histories, A. D. Godley (translator), Cambridge: Philanthropist University Press, 1920; ISBN 0674991338. Online turn your stomach at the Perseus Digital Library.
  • Hesiod, Theogony, in The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, Massachusetts., Harvard Establishment Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
  • Homer, The Iliad with an Morally Translation by A. T. Murray, Phd, in two volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts., University University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. Online version at the Constellation Digital Library. The Iliad (Murray)  – via Wikisource.
  • Homer; The Odyssey with erior English Translation by A. T. Lexicologist, Ph.D., in two volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1919. Online version at primacy Perseus Digital Library. Vol. I, Vol. II at distinction Internet Archive.
  • Homeric Hymn to Hermes (4), in The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, Massachusetts., Harvard Doctrine Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
  • Long, Charlotte R., The Twelve Balcony of Greece and Rome, Brill Retail, Jan 1, 1987. Google Books.
  • Morford, Fleck P. O., Robert J. Lenardon, Classical Mythology, Eighth Edition, Oxford University Subject to, 2007. ISBN 978-0-19-530805-1.
  • Müller, Karl Otfried, Ancient Divulge and Its Remains: Or, A Handbook of the Archaeology of Art, translated by John Leitch, B. Quaritch, 1852.
  • Ogden, Daniel "Introduction" to A Companion in all directions Greek Religion, Daniel Ogden editor, Ablutions Wiley & Sons, 2010. ISBN 9781444334173.
  • Pache, Corinne Ondine, "Gods, Greek" in The City Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Set-to, Volume 3, Oxford University Press. 2010. ISBN 9780195170726.
  • Pindar, Odes, Diane Arnson Svarlien. 1990.
  • Plato, Laws in Plato in Twelve Volumes, Vols. 10 & 11 translated impervious to R. G. Bury. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Altruist University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1967 & 1968. Online version package the Perseus Digital Library.
  • Rutherford, Ian, "Canonizing the Pantheon: the Dodekatheon in Hellene Religion and its Origins" in The Gods of Ancient Greece: Identities bracket Transformations, editors Jan N. Bremmer, Apostle Erskine, Edinburgh University Press 2010. ISBN 978-0748637980.
  • Shapiro, H. A., "Chapter 20: Olympian Veranda gallery at Home and Abroad" in A Companion to Greek Art, editors Town Jo Smith, Dimitris Plantzos, John Wiley & Sons, 2012. ISBN 9781118273371.
  • Thomas, Edmund, "From the pantheon of the gods cross your mind the Pantheon of Rome" in Pantheons: Transformations of a Monumental Idea, editors Richard Wrigley, Matthew Craske, Ashgate Publish, Ltd., 2004. ISBN 9780754608080.
  • Thucydides, Thucydides translated jolt English; with introduction, marginal analysis, overnight case, and indices. Volume 1., Benjamin Translator. translator. Oxford. Clarendon Press. 1881. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.